redis/unified-negatives

SentenceTransformer based on thenlper/gte-small

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from thenlper/gte-small. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• —Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• —Base model: thenlper/gte-small <!-- at revision 17e1f347d17fe144873b1201da91788898c639cd -->
• —Maximum Sequence Length: 128 tokens
• —Output Dimensionality: 384 dimensions
• —Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity <!-- - Training Dataset: Unknown --> <!-- - Language: Unknown --> <!-- - License: Unknown -->

Model Sources

• —Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• —Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• —Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 128, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'BertModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("redis/unified-negatives")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'What is the fastest way to get a PAN card within India?',
    'What is the fastest way to get a PAN card within India?',
    'What is the fastest way to get a PAN card outside India?',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[1.0000, 1.0000, 0.2943],
#         [1.0000, 1.0000, 0.2943],
#         [0.2943, 0.2943, 1.0000]])

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Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)

You can finetune this model on your own dataset.

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Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

• —Datasets: NanoMSMARCO and NanoNQ
• —Evaluated with <code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>

Nano BEIR

• —Dataset: NanoBEIR_mean
• —Evaluated with <code>NanoBEIREvaluator</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "dataset_names": [
          "msmarco",
          "nq"
      ],
      "dataset_id": "lightonai/NanoBEIR-en"
  }

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Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• —Size: 21,470 training samples
• —Columns: <code>anchor</code>, <code>positive</code>, and <code>negative</code>
• —Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples: | | anchor | positive | negative | |:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | type | string | string | string | | details | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.91 tokens</li><li>max: 101 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.91 tokens</li><li>max: 101 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.91 tokens</li><li>max: 101 tokens</li></ul> |
• —Samples: | anchor | positive | negative | |:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | <code>The pale coloration provides camouflage for the beetle on the light sand.</code> | <code>The pale coloration provides camouflage for the beetle on the light sand.</code> | <code>The pale coloration helps the beetle stand out on the light sand.</code> | | <code>It is found from Fennoscandinavia to the Pyrenees , Italy and Greece and from Britain to Russia and Ukraine .</code> | <code>It is found from Fennoscandinavia to the Pyrenees , Italy and Greece and from Britain to Russia and Ukraine .</code> | <code>It is located from Fennoscandinavia to the Pyrenees , Great Britain and Greece and from Italy to Russia and Ukraine .</code> | | <code>Is Swami Vivekananda's speech at parliament of world's religions, Chicago overrated in Chicago?</code> | <code>Is Swami Vivekananda's speech at parliament of world's religions, Chicago overrated in Chicago?</code> | <code>Is Swami Vivekananda's speech at parliament of world's religions, Chicago overrated outside Chicago?</code> |
• —Loss: <code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "scale": 7.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim",
      "gather_across_devices": false
  }

Evaluation Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• —Size: 2,386 evaluation samples
• —Columns: <code>anchor</code>, <code>positive</code>, and <code>negative</code>
• —Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples: | | anchor | positive | negative | |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | type | string | string | string | | details | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.42 tokens</li><li>max: 74 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.42 tokens</li><li>max: 74 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.41 tokens</li><li>max: 74 tokens</li></ul> |
• —Samples: | anchor | positive | negative | |:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | <code>He died at Fort Edward on August 18 , 1861 , and was buried at the Union Cemetery in Sandy Hill .</code> | <code>He died at Fort Edward on August 18 , 1861 , and was buried at the Union Cemetery in Sandy Hill .</code> | <code>He died at Sandy Hill on August 18 , 1861 , and was buried at the Union Cemetery in Fort Edward .</code> | | <code>It was this cooperation which led to the development of the satellite AIS system.</code> | <code>It was this cooperation which led to the development of the satellite AIS system.</code> | <code>It was this cooperation which led to the halting of development of the satellite AIS system.</code> | | <code>What is the best field of engineering on campus?</code> | <code>What is the best field of engineering on campus?</code> | <code>What is the best field of engineering off campus?</code> |
• —Loss: <code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "scale": 7.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim",
      "gather_across_devices": false
  }

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• —eval_strategy: steps
• —per_device_train_batch_size: 128
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 128
• —learning_rate: 1e-06
• —weight_decay: 0.001
• —max_steps: 3000
• —warmup_ratio: 0.1
• —fp16: True
• —dataloader_drop_last: True
• —dataloader_num_workers: 1
• —dataloader_prefetch_factor: 1
• —load_best_model_at_end: True
• —optim: adamw_torch
• —ddp_find_unused_parameters: False
• —push_to_hub: True
• —hub_model_id: redis/unified-negatives
• —eval_on_start: True

All Hyperparameters

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• —overwrite_output_dir: False
• —do_predict: False
• —eval_strategy: steps
• —prediction_loss_only: True
• —per_device_train_batch_size: 128
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 128
• —per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• —per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• —gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• —eval_accumulation_steps: None
• —torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• —learning_rate: 1e-06
• —weight_decay: 0.001
• —adam_beta1: 0.9
• —adam_beta2: 0.999
• —adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• —max_grad_norm: 1.0
• —num_train_epochs: 3.0
• —max_steps: 3000
• —lr_scheduler_type: linear
• —lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• —warmup_ratio: 0.1
• —warmup_steps: 0
• —log_level: passive
• —log_level_replica: warning
• —log_on_each_node: True
• —logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• —save_safetensors: True
• —save_on_each_node: False
• —save_only_model: False
• —restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• —no_cuda: False
• —use_cpu: False
• —use_mps_device: False
• —seed: 42
• —data_seed: None
• —jit_mode_eval: False
• —bf16: False
• —fp16: True
• —fp16_opt_level: O1
• —half_precision_backend: auto
• —bf16_full_eval: False
• —fp16_full_eval: False
• —tf32: None
• —local_rank: 0
• —ddp_backend: None
• —tpu_num_cores: None
• —tpu_metrics_debug: False
• —debug: []
• —dataloader_drop_last: True
• —dataloader_num_workers: 1
• —dataloader_prefetch_factor: 1
• —past_index: -1
• —disable_tqdm: False
• —remove_unused_columns: True
• —label_names: None
• —load_best_model_at_end: True
• —ignore_data_skip: False
• —fsdp: []
• —fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• —fsdp_config: {'minnumparams': 0, 'xla': False, 'xlafsdpv2': False, 'xlafsdpgrad_ckpt': False}
• —fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• —accelerator_config: {'splitbatches': False, 'dispatchbatches': None, 'evenbatches': True, 'useseedablesampler': True, 'nonblocking': False, 'gradientaccumulationkwargs': None}
• —parallelism_config: None
• —deepspeed: None
• —label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• —optim: adamw_torch
• —optim_args: None
• —adafactor: False
• —group_by_length: False
• —length_column_name: length
• —project: huggingface
• —trackio_space_id: trackio
• —ddp_find_unused_parameters: False
• —ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• —ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• —dataloader_pin_memory: True
• —dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• —skip_memory_metrics: True
• —use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• —push_to_hub: True
• —resume_from_checkpoint: None
• —hub_model_id: redis/unified-negatives
• —hub_strategy: every_save
• —hub_private_repo: None
• —hub_always_push: False
• —hub_revision: None
• —gradient_checkpointing: False
• —gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• —include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• —include_for_metrics: []
• —eval_do_concat_batches: True
• —fp16_backend: auto
• —push_to_hub_model_id: None
• —push_to_hub_organization: None
• —mp_parameters:
• —auto_find_batch_size: False
• —full_determinism: False
• —torchdynamo: None
• —ray_scope: last
• —ddp_timeout: 1800
• —torch_compile: False
• —torch_compile_backend: None
• —torch_compile_mode: None
• —include_tokens_per_second: False
• —include_num_input_tokens_seen: no
• —neftune_noise_alpha: None
• —optim_target_modules: None
• —batch_eval_metrics: False
• —eval_on_start: True
• —use_liger_kernel: False
• —liger_kernel_config: None
• —eval_use_gather_object: False
• —average_tokens_across_devices: True
• —prompts: None
• —batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• —multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional
• —router_mapping: {}
• —learning_rate_mapping: {}

</details>

Training Logs

Framework Versions

• —Python: 3.10.18
• —Sentence Transformers: 5.2.0
• —Transformers: 4.57.3
• —PyTorch: 2.9.1+cu128
• —Accelerate: 1.12.0
• —Datasets: 2.21.0
• —Tokenizers: 0.22.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

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