mouped/duplicate-detection

SentenceTransformer based on intfloat/multilingual-e5-small

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from intfloat/multilingual-e5-small. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for retrieval.

Model Details

Model Description

• —Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• —Base model: intfloat/multilingual-e5-small <!-- at revision 614241f622f53c4eeff9890bdc4f31cfecc418b3 -->
• —Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• —Output Dimensionality: 384 dimensions
• —Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
• —Supported Modality: Text <!-- - Training Dataset: Unknown --> <!-- - Language: Unknown --> <!-- - License: Unknown -->

Model Sources

• —Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• —Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• —Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'transformer_task': 'feature-extraction', 'modality_config': {'text': {'method': 'forward', 'method_output_name': 'last_hidden_state'}}, 'module_output_name': 'token_embeddings', 'architecture': 'BertModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode': 'mean', 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize({})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'query: What free online course can I take to learn how to be an expert in drawing?',
    'query: What are some best online courses to learn Drawing?',
    'query: Permisi, tagihan WiFi bulan ini belum saya bayar, please advise',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[ 1.0000,  0.7386,  0.0006],
#         [ 0.7386,  1.0000, -0.0875],
#         [ 0.0006, -0.0875,  1.0000]])

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Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)

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Evaluation

Metrics

Binary Classification

• —Dataset: ticket-duplicate-eval
• —Evaluated with <code>BinaryClassificationEvaluator</code>

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Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• —Size: 67,265 training samples
• —Columns: <code>sentence0</code>, <code>sentence1</code>, and <code>label</code>
• —Approximate statistics based on the first 100 samples: | | sentence0 | sentence1 | label | |:---------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------| | type | string | string | float | | modality | text | text | | | details | <ul><li>min: 11 tokens</li><li>mean: 18.45 tokens</li><li>max: 29 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 9 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.12 tokens</li><li>max: 45 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.49</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
• —Samples: | sentence0 | sentence1 | label | |:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------| | <code>query: Akses saya ke aplikasi butuh reset password dari kemarin, bisa dibantu ya?</code> | <code>query: My 2fa verification code never arrives since last night, can someone assist?</code> | <code>0.0</code> | | <code>query: Mohon segera ditindaklanjuti: internet kantor mati total, bukan lambat, kindly assist</code> | <code>query: Selamat pagi, tagihan internet bulan ini lebih mahal dari biasanya, please advise</code> | <code>0.0</code> | | <code>query: The company website won't load since yesterday, can someone assist?</code> | <code>query: Need help — Our internal portal keeps throwing a 500 error since this afternoon.</code> | <code>1.0</code> |
• —Loss: <code>ContrastiveLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "distance_metric": "SiameseDistanceMetric.COSINE_DISTANCE",
      "margin": 0.5,
      "size_average": true
  }

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• —per_device_train_batch_size: 32
• —num_train_epochs: 2
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 32
• —multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• —per_device_train_batch_size: 32
• —num_train_epochs: 2
• —max_steps: -1
• —learning_rate: 5e-05
• —lr_scheduler_type: linear
• —lr_scheduler_kwargs: None
• —warmup_steps: 0
• —optim: adamwtorchfused
• —optim_args: None
• —weight_decay: 0.0
• —adam_beta1: 0.9
• —adam_beta2: 0.999
• —adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• —optim_target_modules: None
• —gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• —average_tokens_across_devices: True
• —max_grad_norm: 1
• —label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• —bf16: False
• —fp16: False
• —bf16_full_eval: False
• —fp16_full_eval: False
• —tf32: None
• —gradient_checkpointing: False
• —gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• —torch_compile: False
• —torch_compile_backend: None
• —torch_compile_mode: None
• —use_liger_kernel: False
• —liger_kernel_config: None
• —use_cache: False
• —neftune_noise_alpha: None
• —torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• —auto_find_batch_size: False
• —log_on_each_node: True
• —logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• —include_num_input_tokens_seen: no
• —log_level: passive
• —log_level_replica: warning
• —disable_tqdm: False
• —project: huggingface
• —trackio_space_id: None
• —trackio_bucket_id: None
• —trackio_static_space_id: None
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 32
• —prediction_loss_only: True
• —eval_on_start: False
• —eval_do_concat_batches: True
• —eval_use_gather_object: False
• —eval_accumulation_steps: None
• —include_for_metrics: []
• —batch_eval_metrics: False
• —save_only_model: False
• —save_on_each_node: False
• —enable_jit_checkpoint: False
• —push_to_hub: False
• —hub_private_repo: None
• —hub_model_id: None
• —hub_strategy: every_save
• —hub_always_push: False
• —hub_revision: None
• —load_best_model_at_end: False
• —ignore_data_skip: False
• —restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• —full_determinism: False
• —seed: 42
• —data_seed: None
• —use_cpu: False
• —accelerator_config: {'splitbatches': False, 'dispatchbatches': None, 'evenbatches': True, 'useseedablesampler': True, 'nonblocking': False, 'gradientaccumulationkwargs': None}
• —parallelism_config: None
• —dataloader_drop_last: False
• —dataloader_num_workers: 0
• —dataloader_pin_memory: True
• —dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• —dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• —remove_unused_columns: True
• —label_names: None
• —train_sampling_strategy: random
• —length_column_name: length
• —ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• —ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• —ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• —ddp_static_graph: None
• —ddp_backend: None
• —ddp_timeout: 1800
• —fsdp: None
• —fsdp_config: None
• —deepspeed: None
• —debug: []
• —skip_memory_metrics: True
• —do_predict: False
• —resume_from_checkpoint: None
• —warmup_ratio: None
• —local_rank: -1
• —prompts: None
• —batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• —multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin
• —router_mapping: {}
• —learning_rate_mapping: {}

</details>

Training Logs

Training Time

• —Training: 43.8 minutes

Framework Versions

• —Python: 3.12.13
• —Sentence Transformers: 5.6.0
• —Transformers: 5.13.1
• —PyTorch: 2.11.0+cu128
• —Accelerate: 1.14.0
• —Datasets: 4.0.0
• —Tokenizers: 0.22.2

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

ContrastiveLoss

@inproceedings{hadsell2006dimensionality,
    author={Hadsell, R. and Chopra, S. and LeCun, Y.},
    booktitle={2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'06)},
    title={Dimensionality Reduction by Learning an Invariant Mapping},
    year={2006},
    volume={2},
    number={},
    pages={1735-1742},
    doi={10.1109/CVPR.2006.100}
}

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