aloobun/d-mxbai-L8-embed

SentenceTransformer based on Model Distillation

In this experiment with knowledge distillation for embedding models, i retained 8 layers from the teacher model. This is an attempt to create a lighter, faster version.

• —the top left graph shows how well your model's predictions match reality. Spearman correlation = 0.887
• —the top right compares the correlation performance of this model vs the reference(mxbai-embed-large-v1) model - both bars around 0.8-0.9
• —bottom left shows, this model processes about 45 samples/s and mxbai-embed-large-v1 processes about 30 samples/s.
• —the bottom right shows a small accuracy drop for this model.

Model Details

Model Description

• —Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• —Base model: mixedbread-ai/mxbai-embed-large-v1 <!-- at revision e7857440379da569f68f19e8403b69cd7be26e50 -->
• —Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• —Output Dimensionality: 1024 dimensions
• —Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity <!-- - Training Dataset: Unknown --> <!-- - Language: Unknown --> <!-- - License: Unknown -->

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'A black dog is drinking next to a brown and white dog that is looking at an orange ball in the lake, whilst a horse and rider passes behind.',
    'Some men with jerseys are in a bar, watching a soccer match.',
    'There are two people running around a track in lane three and the one wearing a blue shirt with a green thing over the eyes is just barely ahead of the guy wearing an orange shirt and sunglasses.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

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Direct Usage (Transformers)

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Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)

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Evaluation

Metrics

Semantic Similarity

• —Datasets: sts-dev and sts-test
• —Evaluated with <code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>

Knowledge Distillation

• —Evaluated with <code>MSEEvaluator</code>

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Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• —Size: 1,195,425 training samples
• —Columns: <code>sentence</code> and <code>label</code>
• —Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples: | | sentence | label | |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------| | type | string | list | | details | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 12.24 tokens</li><li>max: 52 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>size: 1024 elements</li></ul> |
• —Samples: | sentence | label | |:---------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | <code>A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.</code> | <code>[-0.012967385351657867, 0.3716000020503998, 0.252520889043808, 0.7052643299102783, -0.15118499100208282, ...]</code> | | <code>Children smiling and waving at camera</code> | <code>[0.15414997935295105, 0.6666896939277649, -0.3150098919868469, 1.0102407932281494, 0.4113735556602478, ...]</code> | | <code>A boy is jumping on skateboard in the middle of a red bridge.</code> | <code>[-0.2989530563354492, 0.8571284413337708, -0.48532426357269287, 0.8935043215751648, 0.28524795174598694, ...]</code> |
• —Loss: <code>MSELoss</code>

Evaluation Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• —Size: 10,000 evaluation samples
• —Columns: <code>sentence</code> and <code>label</code>
• —Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples: | | sentence | label | |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------| | type | string | list | | details | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 13.23 tokens</li><li>max: 57 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>size: 1024 elements</li></ul> |
• —Samples: | sentence | label | |:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | <code>Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.</code> | <code>[-0.35094621777534485, 0.4337681233882904, 0.22905530035495758, 0.9438946843147278, -1.0199058055877686, ...]</code> | | <code>Two young children in blue jerseys, one with the number 9 and one with the number 2 are standing on wooden steps in a bathroom and washing their hands in a sink.</code> | <code>[-0.37593328952789307, 0.6690596342086792, -0.14921458065509796, 0.7559019923210144, -0.4093412756919861, ...]</code> | | <code>A man selling donuts to a customer during a world exhibition event held in the city of Angeles</code> | <code>[0.21969863772392273, 0.5065202713012695, -0.25664886832237244, 0.2569092810153961, -0.05940837413072586, ...]</code> |
• —Loss: <code>MSELoss</code>

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• —eval_strategy: steps
• —per_device_train_batch_size: 64
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 64
• —learning_rate: 0.0001
• —num_train_epochs: 1
• —warmup_ratio: 0.1
• —fp16: True
• —load_best_model_at_end: True

All Hyperparameters

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• —overwrite_output_dir: False
• —do_predict: False
• —eval_strategy: steps
• —prediction_loss_only: True
• —per_device_train_batch_size: 64
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 64
• —per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• —per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• —gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• —eval_accumulation_steps: None
• —torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• —learning_rate: 0.0001
• —weight_decay: 0.0
• —adam_beta1: 0.9
• —adam_beta2: 0.999
• —adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• —max_grad_norm: 1.0
• —num_train_epochs: 1
• —max_steps: -1
• —lr_scheduler_type: linear
• —lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• —warmup_ratio: 0.1
• —warmup_steps: 0
• —log_level: passive
• —log_level_replica: warning
• —log_on_each_node: True
• —logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• —save_safetensors: True
• —save_on_each_node: False
• —save_only_model: False
• —restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• —no_cuda: False
• —use_cpu: False
• —use_mps_device: False
• —seed: 42
• —data_seed: None
• —jit_mode_eval: False
• —use_ipex: False
• —bf16: False
• —fp16: True
• —fp16_opt_level: O1
• —half_precision_backend: auto
• —bf16_full_eval: False
• —fp16_full_eval: False
• —tf32: None
• —local_rank: 0
• —ddp_backend: None
• —tpu_num_cores: None
• —tpu_metrics_debug: False
• —debug: []
• —dataloader_drop_last: False
• —dataloader_num_workers: 0
• —dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• —past_index: -1
• —disable_tqdm: False
• —remove_unused_columns: True
• —label_names: None
• —load_best_model_at_end: True
• —ignore_data_skip: False
• —fsdp: []
• —fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• —fsdp_config: {'minnumparams': 0, 'xla': False, 'xlafsdpv2': False, 'xlafsdpgrad_ckpt': False}
• —fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• —accelerator_config: {'splitbatches': False, 'dispatchbatches': None, 'evenbatches': True, 'useseedablesampler': True, 'nonblocking': False, 'gradientaccumulationkwargs': None}
• —deepspeed: None
• —label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• —optim: adamw_torch
• —optim_args: None
• —adafactor: False
• —group_by_length: False
• —length_column_name: length
• —ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• —ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• —ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• —dataloader_pin_memory: True
• —dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• —skip_memory_metrics: True
• —use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• —push_to_hub: False
• —resume_from_checkpoint: None
• —hub_model_id: None
• —hub_strategy: every_save
• —hub_private_repo: False
• —hub_always_push: False
• —gradient_checkpointing: False
• —gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• —include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• —include_for_metrics: []
• —eval_do_concat_batches: True
• —fp16_backend: auto
• —push_to_hub_model_id: None
• —push_to_hub_organization: None
• —mp_parameters:
• —auto_find_batch_size: False
• —full_determinism: False
• —torchdynamo: None
• —ray_scope: last
• —ddp_timeout: 1800
• —torch_compile: False
• —torch_compile_backend: None
• —torch_compile_mode: None
• —dispatch_batches: None
• —split_batches: None
• —include_tokens_per_second: False
• —include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• —neftune_noise_alpha: None
• —optim_target_modules: None
• —batch_eval_metrics: False
• —eval_on_start: False
• —use_liger_kernel: False
• —eval_use_gather_object: False
• —average_tokens_across_devices: False
• —prompts: None
• —batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• —multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

</details>

Framework Versions

• —Python: 3.10.14
• —Sentence Transformers: 3.3.1
• —Transformers: 4.46.3
• —PyTorch: 2.4.0
• —Accelerate: 1.1.1
• —Datasets: 3.1.0
• —Tokenizers: 0.20.3

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MSELoss

@inproceedings{reimers-2020-multilingual-sentence-bert,
    title = "Making Monolingual Sentence Embeddings Multilingual using Knowledge Distillation",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2020",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09813",
}

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