along26/all-MiniLM-L6-v2_multilingual_malaysian

SentenceTransformer based on sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• —Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• —Base model: sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2 <!-- at revision c9745ed1d9f207416be6d2e6f8de32d1f16199bf -->
• —Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• —Output Dimensionality: 384 dimensions
• —Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity <!-- - Training Dataset: Unknown --> <!-- - Language: Unknown --> <!-- - License: Unknown -->

Model Sources

• —Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• —Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• —Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'BertModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("along26/all-MiniLM-L6-v2_multilingual_malaysian")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    "What is the intensity of light transmitted through two polarizers with their axes at an angle of 45 degrees to each other, if the intensity of the incident light is 12 W/m² and the polarizer absorbs 50% of the light perpendicular to its axis? Use Malus' Law to solve the problem.",
    'Apakah keamatan cahaya yang dihantar melalui dua polarizer dengan paksinya pada sudut 45 darjah antara satu sama lain, jika keamatan cahaya kejadian ialah 12 W/m² dan polarizer menyerap 50% cahaya berserenjang dengan paksinya? Gunakan Hukum Malus untuk menyelesaikan masalah.',
    'What role did the opposition parties and civil society organizations play in exposing the 1MDB scandal and holding Najib Razak accountable?',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[ 1.0000, -0.7535,  0.9687],
#         [-0.7535,  1.0000, -0.7616],
#         [ 0.9687, -0.7616,  1.0000]])

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Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• —Size: 210,285 training samples
• —Columns: <code>sentence0</code>, <code>sentence1</code>, and <code>sentence_2</code>
• —Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples: | | sentence0 | sentence1 | sentence_2 | |:--------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | type | string | string | string | | details | <ul><li>min: 11 tokens</li><li>mean: 215.9 tokens</li><li>max: 512 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 14 tokens</li><li>mean: 257.41 tokens</li><li>max: 512 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 15 tokens</li><li>mean: 236.24 tokens</li><li>max: 512 tokens</li></ul> |
• —Samples: | sentence0 | sentence1 | sentence_2 | |:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | <code>What are the four main functions of the human liver, and how is its unique anatomic structure suited to perform these functions?</code> | <code>Apakah empat fungsi utama hati manusia, dan bagaimanakah struktur anatomi uniknya sesuai untuk melaksanakan fungsi ini?</code> | <code>Why is the Malaysian government not doing enough to address the rising cost of living and income inequality?</code> | | <code>Changing the temperature affects the equilibrium constant (Kc) and the formation of the Fe(SCN)2+ complex ion from Fe3+ and SCN- ions according to Le Chatelier's principle. Le Chatelier's principle states that if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in temperature, pressure, or concentration of reactants or products, the system will adjust its position to counteract the change and re-establish equilibrium.<br><br>In the case of the reaction between Fe3+ and SCN- ions to form the Fe(SCN)2+ complex ion, the balanced chemical equation is:<br><br>Fe3+ (aq) + SCN- (aq) ⇌ Fe(SCN)2+ (aq)<br><br>The equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction is given by:<br><br>Kc = [Fe(SCN)2+] / ([Fe3+] [SCN-])<br><br>Now, let's consider the effect of temperature on this reaction. The reaction between Fe3+ and SCN- ions is an exothermic reaction, meaning it releases heat as it proceeds. According to Le Chatelier's principle, if the temperature of the system is increased, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that absorb...</code> | <code>Menukar suhu memberi kesan kepada pemalar keseimbangan (Kc) dan pembentukan ion kompleks Fe(SCN)2+ daripada ion Fe3+ dan SCN- mengikut prinsip Le Chatelier. Prinsip Le Chatelier menyatakan bahawa jika sistem pada keseimbangan tertakluk kepada perubahan suhu, tekanan, atau kepekatan bahan tindak balas atau produk, sistem akan menyesuaikan kedudukannya untuk mengatasi perubahan dan mewujudkan semula keseimbangan.<br><br>Dalam kes tindak balas antara ion Fe3+ dan SCN- untuk membentuk ion kompleks Fe(SCN)2+, persamaan kimia yang seimbang ialah:<br><br>Fe3+ (aq) + SCN- (aq) ⇌ Fe(SCN)2+ (aq)<br><br>Pemalar keseimbangan (Kc) untuk tindak balas ini diberikan oleh:<br><br>Kc = [Fe(SCN)2+] / ([Fe3+] [SCN-])<br><br>Sekarang, mari kita pertimbangkan kesan suhu pada tindak balas ini. Tindak balas antara ion Fe3+ dan SCN- ialah tindak balas eksotermik, bermakna ia membebaskan haba semasa ia berjalan. Mengikut prinsip Le Chatelier, jika suhu sistem dinaikkan, keseimbangan akan beralih ke arah yang menyerap haba, yang dalam kes in...</code> | <code>Why does Malaysia have one of the highest income disparities in the world, with a significant portion of the population living in poverty despite being a middle-income country?</code> | | <code>The use of laws like the Official Secrets Act (OSA) and Sedition Act in Malaysia has been criticized for stifling free speech and discouraging whistleblowing in the country's anti-corruption efforts.<br><br>The Official Secrets Act (OSA) is a law that dates back to the colonial era and is intended to protect national security and sensitive information. However, critics argue that the law is overly broad and has been used to suppress freedom of speech and silence whistleblowers who expose corruption and abuse of power. The law imposes strict penalties for the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, which has created a chilling effect on whistleblowers and investigative journalists who might otherwise expose corruption.<br><br>Similarly, the Sedition Act is a law that criminalizes speech that is deemed seditious, including speech that is likely to cause public disorder, insult the rulers, or question the legitimacy of the government. Critics argue that the law is overly broad and has be...</code> | <code>Penggunaan undang-undang seperti Akta Rahsia Rasmi (OSA) dan Akta Hasutan di Malaysia telah dikritik kerana menyekat kebebasan bersuara dan menghalang pemberi maklumat dalam usaha anti-rasuah negara.<br><br>Akta Rahsia Rasmi (OSA) ialah undang-undang yang bermula sejak zaman penjajah dan bertujuan untuk melindungi keselamatan negara dan maklumat sensitif. Walau bagaimanapun, pengkritik berpendapat bahawa undang-undang itu terlalu luas dan telah digunakan untuk menyekat kebebasan bersuara dan menutup mulut pemberi maklumat yang mendedahkan rasuah dan penyalahgunaan kuasa. Undang-undang mengenakan penalti yang ketat untuk pendedahan maklumat sulit yang tidak dibenarkan, yang telah mewujudkan kesan menyeramkan kepada pemberi maklumat dan wartawan penyiasat yang mungkin mendedahkan rasuah.<br><br>Begitu juga, Akta Hasutan ialah undang-undang yang menjenayahkan ucapan yang dianggap menghasut, termasuk ucapan yang berkemungkinan menyebabkan gangguan awam, menghina pemerintah, atau mempersoalkan kesahiha...</code> | <code>How do the surface properties of metal catalysts influence the selectivity and activity of the oxidation reaction of hydrocarbons?</code> |
• —Loss: <code>TripletLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.EUCLIDEAN",
      "triplet_margin": 5
  }

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• —per_device_train_batch_size: 32
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 32
• —num_train_epochs: 10
• —fp16: True
• —multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• —overwrite_output_dir: False
• —do_predict: False
• —eval_strategy: no
• —prediction_loss_only: True
• —per_device_train_batch_size: 32
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 32
• —per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• —per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• —gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• —eval_accumulation_steps: None
• —torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• —learning_rate: 5e-05
• —weight_decay: 0.0
• —adam_beta1: 0.9
• —adam_beta2: 0.999
• —adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• —max_grad_norm: 1
• —num_train_epochs: 10
• —max_steps: -1
• —lr_scheduler_type: linear
• —lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• —warmup_ratio: 0.0
• —warmup_steps: 0
• —log_level: passive
• —log_level_replica: warning
• —log_on_each_node: True
• —logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• —save_safetensors: True
• —save_on_each_node: False
• —save_only_model: False
• —restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• —no_cuda: False
• —use_cpu: False
• —use_mps_device: False
• —seed: 42
• —data_seed: None
• —jit_mode_eval: False
• —bf16: False
• —fp16: True
• —fp16_opt_level: O1
• —half_precision_backend: auto
• —bf16_full_eval: False
• —fp16_full_eval: False
• —tf32: None
• —local_rank: 0
• —ddp_backend: None
• —tpu_num_cores: None
• —tpu_metrics_debug: False
• —debug: []
• —dataloader_drop_last: False
• —dataloader_num_workers: 0
• —dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• —past_index: -1
• —disable_tqdm: False
• —remove_unused_columns: True
• —label_names: None
• —load_best_model_at_end: False
• —ignore_data_skip: False
• —fsdp: []
• —fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• —fsdp_config: {'minnumparams': 0, 'xla': False, 'xlafsdpv2': False, 'xlafsdpgrad_ckpt': False}
• —fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• —accelerator_config: {'splitbatches': False, 'dispatchbatches': None, 'evenbatches': True, 'useseedablesampler': True, 'nonblocking': False, 'gradientaccumulationkwargs': None}
• —parallelism_config: None
• —deepspeed: None
• —label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• —optim: adamwtorchfused
• —optim_args: None
• —adafactor: False
• —group_by_length: False
• —length_column_name: length
• —project: huggingface
• —trackio_space_id: trackio
• —ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• —ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• —ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• —dataloader_pin_memory: True
• —dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• —skip_memory_metrics: True
• —use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• —push_to_hub: False
• —resume_from_checkpoint: None
• —hub_model_id: None
• —hub_strategy: every_save
• —hub_private_repo: None
• —hub_always_push: False
• —hub_revision: None
• —gradient_checkpointing: False
• —gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• —include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• —include_for_metrics: []
• —eval_do_concat_batches: True
• —fp16_backend: auto
• —push_to_hub_model_id: None
• —push_to_hub_organization: None
• —mp_parameters:
• —auto_find_batch_size: False
• —full_determinism: False
• —torchdynamo: None
• —ray_scope: last
• —ddp_timeout: 1800
• —torch_compile: False
• —torch_compile_backend: None
• —torch_compile_mode: None
• —include_tokens_per_second: False
• —include_num_input_tokens_seen: no
• —neftune_noise_alpha: None
• —optim_target_modules: None
• —batch_eval_metrics: False
• —eval_on_start: False
• —use_liger_kernel: False
• —liger_kernel_config: None
• —eval_use_gather_object: False
• —average_tokens_across_devices: True
• —prompts: None
• —batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• —multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin
• —router_mapping: {}
• —learning_rate_mapping: {}

</details>

Training Logs

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

</details>

Framework Versions

• —Python: 3.12.12
• —Sentence Transformers: 5.1.2
• —Transformers: 4.57.1
• —PyTorch: 2.8.0+cu126
• —Accelerate: 1.11.0
• —Datasets: 4.0.0
• —Tokenizers: 0.22.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

TripletLoss

@misc{hermans2017defense,
    title={In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identification},
    author={Alexander Hermans and Lucas Beyer and Bastian Leibe},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1703.07737},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

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