Maximgolubov/legal-ft-2

SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• —Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• —Base model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l <!-- at revision d8fb21ca8d905d2832ee8b96c894d3298964346b -->
• —Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• —Output Dimensionality: 1024 dimensions
• —Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity <!-- - Training Dataset: Unknown --> <!-- - Language: Unknown --> <!-- - License: Unknown -->

Model Sources

• —Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• —Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• —Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'BertModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("Maximgolubov/legal-ft-2")
# Run inference
queries = [
    "What features does Google\u2019s Gemini offer in relation to audio input and output?",
]
documents = [
    'Your browser does not support the audio element.\n\nOpenAI aren’t the only group with a multi-modal audio model. Google’s Gemini also accepts audio input, and the Google Gemini apps can speak in a similar way to ChatGPT now. Amazon also pre-announced voice mode for Amazon Nova, but that’s meant to roll out in Q1 of 2025.\nGoogle’s NotebookLM, released in September, took audio output to a new level by producing spookily realistic conversations between two “podcast hosts” about anything you fed into their tool. They later added custom instructions, so naturally I turned them into pelicans:\n\n\nYour browser does not support the audio element.',
    'Against this photo of butterflies at the California Academy of Sciences:\n\n\nA shallow dish, likely a hummingbird or butterfly feeder, is red.  Pieces of orange slices of fruit are visible inside the dish.\nTwo butterflies are positioned in the feeder, one is a dark brown/black butterfly with white/cream-colored markings.  The other is a large, brown butterfly with patterns of lighter brown, beige, and black markings, including prominent eye spots. The larger brown butterfly appears to be feeding on the fruit.',
    'I also gave a bunch of talks and podcast appearances. I’ve started habitually turning my talks into annotated presentations—here are my best from 2023:\n\nPrompt injection explained, with video, slides, and a transcript\nCatching up on the weird world of LLMs\nMaking Large Language Models work for you\nOpen questions for AI engineering\nEmbeddings: What they are and why they matter\nFinancial sustainability for open source projects at GitHub Universe\n\nAnd in podcasts:\n\n\nWhat AI can do for you on the Theory of Change\n\nWorking in public on Path to Citus Con\n\nLLMs break the internet on the Changelog\n\nTalking Large Language Models on Rooftop Ruby\n\nThoughts on the OpenAI board situation on Newsroom Robots',
]
query_embeddings = model.encode_query(queries)
document_embeddings = model.encode_document(documents)
print(query_embeddings.shape, document_embeddings.shape)
# [1, 1024] [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(query_embeddings, document_embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[0.6603, 0.0568, 0.0967]])

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Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)

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Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

• —Evaluated with <code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>

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Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• —Size: 160 training samples
• —Columns: <code>sentence0</code> and <code>sentence1</code>
• —Approximate statistics based on the first 160 samples: | | sentence0 | sentence1 | |:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | type | string | string | | details | <ul><li>min: 11 tokens</li><li>mean: 20.01 tokens</li><li>max: 36 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 38 tokens</li><li>mean: 133.65 tokens</li><li>max: 214 tokens</li></ul> |
• —Samples: | sentence0 | sentence1 | |:------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | <code>What years are listed in the provided context?</code> | <code>Disclosures<br>Colophon<br>©<br>2002<br>2003<br>2004<br>2005<br>2006<br>2007<br>2008<br>2009<br>2010<br>2011<br>2012<br>2013<br>2014<br>2015<br>2016<br>2017<br>2018<br>2019<br>2020<br>2021<br>2022<br>2023<br>2024<br>2025<br>2026</code> | | <code>What is the range of years mentioned in the context?</code> | <code>Disclosures<br>Colophon<br>©<br>2002<br>2003<br>2004<br>2005<br>2006<br>2007<br>2008<br>2009<br>2010<br>2011<br>2012<br>2013<br>2014<br>2015<br>2016<br>2017<br>2018<br>2019<br>2020<br>2021<br>2022<br>2023<br>2024<br>2025<br>2026</code> | | <code>What model do I run on my iPhone?</code> | <code>I run a bunch of them on my laptop. I run Mistral 7B (a surprisingly great model) on my iPhone. You can install several different apps to get your own, local, completely private LLM. My own LLM project provides a CLI tool for running an array of different models via plugins.<br>You can even run them entirely in your browser using WebAssembly and the latest Chrome!<br>Hobbyists can build their own fine-tuned models<br>I said earlier that building an LLM was still out of reach of hobbyists. That may be true for training from scratch, but fine-tuning one of those models is another matter entirely.</code> |
• —Loss: <code>MatryoshkaLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss",
      "matryoshka_dims": [
          768,
          512,
          256,
          128,
          64
      ],
      "matryoshka_weights": [
          1,
          1,
          1,
          1,
          1
      ],
      "n_dims_per_step": -1
  }

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• —eval_strategy: steps
• —per_device_train_batch_size: 10
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 10
• —num_train_epochs: 10
• —multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• —do_predict: False
• —eval_strategy: steps
• —prediction_loss_only: True
• —per_device_train_batch_size: 10
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 10
• —gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• —eval_accumulation_steps: None
• —torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• —learning_rate: 5e-05
• —weight_decay: 0.0
• —adam_beta1: 0.9
• —adam_beta2: 0.999
• —adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• —max_grad_norm: 1
• —num_train_epochs: 10
• —max_steps: -1
• —lr_scheduler_type: linear
• —lr_scheduler_kwargs: None
• —warmup_ratio: None
• —warmup_steps: 0
• —log_level: passive
• —log_level_replica: warning
• —log_on_each_node: True
• —logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• —enable_jit_checkpoint: False
• —save_on_each_node: False
• —save_only_model: False
• —restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• —use_cpu: False
• —seed: 42
• —data_seed: None
• —bf16: False
• —fp16: False
• —bf16_full_eval: False
• —fp16_full_eval: False
• —tf32: None
• —local_rank: -1
• —ddp_backend: None
• —debug: []
• —dataloader_drop_last: False
• —dataloader_num_workers: 0
• —dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• —disable_tqdm: False
• —remove_unused_columns: True
• —label_names: None
• —load_best_model_at_end: False
• —ignore_data_skip: False
• —fsdp: []
• —fsdp_config: {'minnumparams': 0, 'xla': False, 'xlafsdpv2': False, 'xlafsdpgrad_ckpt': False}
• —accelerator_config: {'splitbatches': False, 'dispatchbatches': None, 'evenbatches': True, 'useseedablesampler': True, 'nonblocking': False, 'gradientaccumulationkwargs': None}
• —parallelism_config: None
• —deepspeed: None
• —label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• —optim: adamwtorchfused
• —optim_args: None
• —group_by_length: False
• —length_column_name: length
• —project: huggingface
• —trackio_space_id: trackio
• —ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• —ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• —ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• —dataloader_pin_memory: True
• —dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• —skip_memory_metrics: True
• —push_to_hub: False
• —resume_from_checkpoint: None
• —hub_model_id: None
• —hub_strategy: every_save
• —hub_private_repo: None
• —hub_always_push: False
• —hub_revision: None
• —gradient_checkpointing: False
• —gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• —include_for_metrics: []
• —eval_do_concat_batches: True
• —auto_find_batch_size: False
• —full_determinism: False
• —ddp_timeout: 1800
• —torch_compile: False
• —torch_compile_backend: None
• —torch_compile_mode: None
• —include_num_input_tokens_seen: no
• —neftune_noise_alpha: None
• —optim_target_modules: None
• —batch_eval_metrics: False
• —eval_on_start: False
• —use_liger_kernel: False
• —liger_kernel_config: None
• —eval_use_gather_object: False
• —average_tokens_across_devices: True
• —use_cache: False
• —prompts: None
• —batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• —multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin
• —router_mapping: {}
• —learning_rate_mapping: {}

</details>

Training Logs

Framework Versions

• —Python: 3.12.12
• —Sentence Transformers: 5.2.2
• —Transformers: 5.1.0
• —PyTorch: 2.9.0+cu128
• —Accelerate: 1.12.0
• —Datasets: 4.5.0
• —Tokenizers: 0.22.2

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

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