JianLiao/spectrum-doc-fine-tuned

SentenceTransformer based on BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5 on the spectrum-design-docs dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• —Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• —Base model: BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5 <!-- at revision d4aa6901d3a41ba39fb536a557fa166f842b0e09 -->
• —Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• —Output Dimensionality: 1024 dimensions
• —Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
• —Training Dataset:
• —spectrum-design-docs
• —Language: en <!-- - License: Unknown -->

Model Sources

• —Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• —Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• —Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': True}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("JianLiao/spectrum-doc-fine-tuned")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: How can a designer balance the need for clear text links and the need for emphasized text in a user interface?',
    "Typography\nUsage guidelines\nDon't use underlines for adding emphasis: Underlines are reserved for text links only. They should not be used as a way for adding emphasis to words.\n\n",
    'Meter\nOptions\nPositive variant: The positive variant has a green fill to show the value. This can be used to represent a positive semantic value, such as when there’s a lot of space remaining.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

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Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

• —Dataset: sds
• —Evaluated with <code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>

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Training Details

Training Dataset

spectrum-design-docs

• —Dataset: spectrum-design-docs at 23f5565
• —Size: 14,737 training samples
• —Columns: <code>anchor</code> and <code>positive</code>
• —Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples: | | anchor | positive | |:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | type | string | string | | details | <ul><li>min: 20 tokens</li><li>mean: 30.87 tokens</li><li>max: 47 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 18 tokens</li><li>mean: 97.17 tokens</li><li>max: 512 tokens</li></ul> |
• —Samples: | anchor | positive | |:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | <code>Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: Are there any specific guidelines or best practices provided by the Spectrum team for integrating Spectrum CSS into a new or existing project?</code> | <code>Spectrum CSS: An open source CSS-only implementation of Spectrum, maintained by the Spectrum team. <br><div class="well-box">Dependency chain: Spectrum DNA → Spectrum CSS</div><br><br>GitHub repository <br>Website <br>#spectrum_css</code> | | <code>Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: How does the default setting for progress circles affect their behavior in a UI?</code> | <code>Progress circle<br>Options<br>Indeterminate: A progress circle can be either determinate or indeterminate. By default, progress circles are determinate. Use a determinate progress circle when progress can be calculated against a specific goal (e.g., downloading a file of a known size). Use an indeterminate progress circle when progress is happening but the time or effort to completion can’t be determined (e.g., attempting to reconnect to a server).</code> | | <code>Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: What tools or methods can designers use to test the effectiveness of wrapped legends in their designs?</code> | <code>Legend<br>Behaviors<br>Wrapping: When there isn’t enough space, wrap legends to ensure that dimension values are shown.</code> |
• —Loss: <code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• —eval_strategy: epoch
• —per_device_train_batch_size: 22
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
• —gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
• —learning_rate: 2e-05
• —num_train_epochs: 100
• —lr_scheduler_type: cosine
• —warmup_ratio: 0.1
• —bf16: True
• —tf32: True
• —load_best_model_at_end: True
• —optim: adamwtorchfused
• —prompts: {'anchor': 'Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: '}
• —batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• —overwrite_output_dir: False
• —do_predict: False
• —eval_strategy: epoch
• —prediction_loss_only: True
• —per_device_train_batch_size: 22
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
• —per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• —per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• —gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
• —eval_accumulation_steps: None
• —torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• —learning_rate: 2e-05
• —weight_decay: 0.0
• —adam_beta1: 0.9
• —adam_beta2: 0.999
• —adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• —max_grad_norm: 1.0
• —num_train_epochs: 100
• —max_steps: -1
• —lr_scheduler_type: cosine
• —lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• —warmup_ratio: 0.1
• —warmup_steps: 0
• —log_level: passive
• —log_level_replica: warning
• —log_on_each_node: True
• —logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• —save_safetensors: True
• —save_on_each_node: False
• —save_only_model: False
• —restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• —no_cuda: False
• —use_cpu: False
• —use_mps_device: False
• —seed: 42
• —data_seed: None
• —jit_mode_eval: False
• —use_ipex: False
• —bf16: True
• —fp16: False
• —fp16_opt_level: O1
• —half_precision_backend: auto
• —bf16_full_eval: False
• —fp16_full_eval: False
• —tf32: True
• —local_rank: 0
• —ddp_backend: None
• —tpu_num_cores: None
• —tpu_metrics_debug: False
• —debug: []
• —dataloader_drop_last: True
• —dataloader_num_workers: 0
• —dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• —past_index: -1
• —disable_tqdm: False
• —remove_unused_columns: True
• —label_names: None
• —load_best_model_at_end: True
• —ignore_data_skip: False
• —fsdp: []
• —fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• —fsdp_config: {'minnumparams': 0, 'xla': False, 'xlafsdpv2': False, 'xlafsdpgrad_ckpt': False}
• —fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• —accelerator_config: {'splitbatches': False, 'dispatchbatches': None, 'evenbatches': True, 'useseedablesampler': True, 'nonblocking': False, 'gradientaccumulationkwargs': None}
• —deepspeed: None
• —label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• —optim: adamwtorchfused
• —optim_args: None
• —adafactor: False
• —group_by_length: False
• —length_column_name: length
• —ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• —ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• —ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• —dataloader_pin_memory: True
• —dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• —skip_memory_metrics: True
• —use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• —push_to_hub: False
• —resume_from_checkpoint: None
• —hub_model_id: None
• —hub_strategy: every_save
• —hub_private_repo: None
• —hub_always_push: False
• —gradient_checkpointing: False
• —gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• —include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• —include_for_metrics: []
• —eval_do_concat_batches: True
• —fp16_backend: auto
• —push_to_hub_model_id: None
• —push_to_hub_organization: None
• —mp_parameters:
• —auto_find_batch_size: False
• —full_determinism: False
• —torchdynamo: None
• —ray_scope: last
• —ddp_timeout: 1800
• —torch_compile: False
• —torch_compile_backend: None
• —torch_compile_mode: None
• —dispatch_batches: None
• —split_batches: None
• —include_tokens_per_second: False
• —include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• —neftune_noise_alpha: None
• —optim_target_modules: None
• —batch_eval_metrics: False
• —eval_on_start: False
• —use_liger_kernel: False
• —eval_use_gather_object: False
• —average_tokens_across_devices: False
• —prompts: {'anchor': 'Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: '}
• —batch_sampler: no_duplicates
• —multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

</details>

Training Logs

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• —The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint. </details>

Framework Versions

• —Python: 3.12.8
• —Sentence Transformers: 3.3.1
• —Transformers: 4.47.1
• —PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu124
• —Accelerate: 1.2.1
• —Datasets: 3.2.0
• —Tokenizers: 0.21.0

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

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