Gonalb/flucold-ft-v2

SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• —Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• —Base model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l <!-- at revision d8fb21ca8d905d2832ee8b96c894d3298964346b -->
• —Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• —Output Dimensionality: 1024 dimensions
• —Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity <!-- - Training Dataset: Unknown --> <!-- - Language: Unknown --> <!-- - License: Unknown -->

Model Sources

• —Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• —Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• —Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("Gonalb/flucold-ft-v2")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'QUESTION #2: How does the sneeze centre in the brainstem coordinate the actions involved in sneezing?',
    'causes sneezing.23 The trigeminal nerves relay\ninformation to the sneeze centre in the brainstem and\ncause reflex activation of motor and parasympathetic\nbranches of the facial nerve and activate respiratory\nmuscles. A model of the sneeze reflex is illustrated in\nfigure 1. The sneeze centre coordinates the inspiratory\nand expiratory actions of sneezing via respiratory\nmuscles, and lacrimation and nasal congestion via\nparasympathetic branches of the facial nerve. The eyes\nare always closed during sneezing by activation of facial\nmuscles, indicating a close relation between the',
    'stroke, seizure disorder, dementia)\nAsthma or other chronic pulmonary disease\nChronic kidney disease\nChronic liver disease\nHeart disease (acquired or congenital)\nImmunosuppression (e.g., HIV infection, cancer, transplant \nrecipients, use of immunosuppressive medications)\nLong-term aspirin therapy in patients younger than 19 years\nMetabolic disorders (acquired [e.g., diabetes mellitus] or \ninherited [e.g., mitochondrial disorders])\nMorbid obesity\nSickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies\nSpecial groups\nAdults 65 years and older\nAmerican Indians and Alaska Natives',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

<!--

Direct Usage (Transformers)

<details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary>

</details> -->

<!--

Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)

You can finetune this model on your own dataset.

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

</details> -->

<!--

Out-of-Scope Use

List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model. -->

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

• —Evaluated with <code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>

Information Retrieval

• —Evaluated with <code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>

<!--

Bias, Risks and Limitations

What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model. -->

<!--

Recommendations

What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content. -->

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• —Size: 400 training samples
• —Columns: <code>sentence0</code> and <code>sentence1</code>
• —Approximate statistics based on the first 400 samples: | | sentence0 | sentence1 | |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | type | string | string | | details | <ul><li>min: 2 tokens</li><li>mean: 23.07 tokens</li><li>max: 53 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 25 tokens</li><li>mean: 122.33 tokens</li><li>max: 296 tokens</li></ul> |
• —Samples: | sentence0 | sentence1 | |:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | <code>What should individuals with asthma do if they experience flu symptoms?</code> | <code>People with asthma who get flu symptoms should call their health care provider right<br>away. There are antiviral drugs that can treat flu illness and help prevent serious flu<br>complications.<br>About asthma<br>Asthma is a lung disease that is caused by chronic inflammation of the airways. It is one of the most common long-term diseases among<br>children, but adults can have asthma, too. Asthma attacks occur when the lung airways tighten due to inflammation. Asthma attacks can be</code> | | <code>What causes asthma attacks to occur in individuals with asthma?</code> | <code>People with asthma who get flu symptoms should call their health care provider right<br>away. There are antiviral drugs that can treat flu illness and help prevent serious flu<br>complications.<br>About asthma<br>Asthma is a lung disease that is caused by chronic inflammation of the airways. It is one of the most common long-term diseases among<br>children, but adults can have asthma, too. Asthma attacks occur when the lung airways tighten due to inflammation. Asthma attacks can be</code> | | <code>QUESTION #1: How long are people with RSV typically contagious?</code> | <code>second birthday. However, repeat infections may occur throughout life.<br>People with RSV are usually contagious for 3 to 8 days and may become contagious a day or two before they start showing signs of illness.<br>However, some infants and people with weakened immune systems can continue to spread the virus for 4 weeks or longer, even after they stop<br>showing symptoms. Children are often exposed to and infected with RSV outside the home, such as in school or childcare centers. They can then<br>transmit the virus to other members of the family.</code> |
• —Loss: <code>MatryoshkaLoss</code> with these parameters:

  {
      "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss",
      "matryoshka_dims": [
          768,
          512,
          256,
          128,
          64
      ],
      "matryoshka_weights": [
          1,
          1,
          1,
          1,
          1
      ],
      "n_dims_per_step": -1
  }

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• —eval_strategy: steps
• —per_device_train_batch_size: 10
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 10
• —num_train_epochs: 10
• —multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

• —overwrite_output_dir: False
• —do_predict: False
• —eval_strategy: steps
• —prediction_loss_only: True
• —per_device_train_batch_size: 10
• —per_device_eval_batch_size: 10
• —per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• —per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• —gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• —eval_accumulation_steps: None
• —torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• —learning_rate: 5e-05
• —weight_decay: 0.0
• —adam_beta1: 0.9
• —adam_beta2: 0.999
• —adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• —max_grad_norm: 1
• —num_train_epochs: 10
• —max_steps: -1
• —lr_scheduler_type: linear
• —lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• —warmup_ratio: 0.0
• —warmup_steps: 0
• —log_level: passive
• —log_level_replica: warning
• —log_on_each_node: True
• —logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• —save_safetensors: True
• —save_on_each_node: False
• —save_only_model: False
• —restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• —no_cuda: False
• —use_cpu: False
• —use_mps_device: False
• —seed: 42
• —data_seed: None
• —jit_mode_eval: False
• —use_ipex: False
• —bf16: False
• —fp16: False
• —fp16_opt_level: O1
• —half_precision_backend: auto
• —bf16_full_eval: False
• —fp16_full_eval: False
• —tf32: None
• —local_rank: 0
• —ddp_backend: None
• —tpu_num_cores: None
• —tpu_metrics_debug: False
• —debug: []
• —dataloader_drop_last: False
• —dataloader_num_workers: 0
• —dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• —past_index: -1
• —disable_tqdm: False
• —remove_unused_columns: True
• —label_names: None
• —load_best_model_at_end: False
• —ignore_data_skip: False
• —fsdp: []
• —fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• —fsdp_config: {'minnumparams': 0, 'xla': False, 'xlafsdpv2': False, 'xlafsdpgrad_ckpt': False}
• —fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• —accelerator_config: {'splitbatches': False, 'dispatchbatches': None, 'evenbatches': True, 'useseedablesampler': True, 'nonblocking': False, 'gradientaccumulationkwargs': None}
• —deepspeed: None
• —label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• —optim: adamw_torch
• —optim_args: None
• —adafactor: False
• —group_by_length: False
• —length_column_name: length
• —ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• —ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• —ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• —dataloader_pin_memory: True
• —dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• —skip_memory_metrics: True
• —use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• —push_to_hub: False
• —resume_from_checkpoint: None
• —hub_model_id: None
• —hub_strategy: every_save
• —hub_private_repo: None
• —hub_always_push: False
• —gradient_checkpointing: False
• —gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• —include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• —include_for_metrics: []
• —eval_do_concat_batches: True
• —fp16_backend: auto
• —push_to_hub_model_id: None
• —push_to_hub_organization: None
• —mp_parameters:
• —auto_find_batch_size: False
• —full_determinism: False
• —torchdynamo: None
• —ray_scope: last
• —ddp_timeout: 1800
• —torch_compile: False
• —torch_compile_backend: None
• —torch_compile_mode: None
• —dispatch_batches: None
• —split_batches: None
• —include_tokens_per_second: False
• —include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• —neftune_noise_alpha: None
• —optim_target_modules: None
• —batch_eval_metrics: False
• —eval_on_start: False
• —use_liger_kernel: False
• —eval_use_gather_object: False
• —average_tokens_across_devices: False
• —prompts: None
• —batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• —multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

</details>

Training Logs

Framework Versions

• —Python: 3.11.11
• —Sentence Transformers: 3.4.1
• —Transformers: 4.48.3
• —PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu124
• —Accelerate: 1.3.0
• —Datasets: 3.3.2
• —Tokenizers: 0.21.0

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

<!--

Glossary

Clearly define terms in order to be accessible across audiences. -->

<!--

Model Card Authors

Lists the people who create the model card, providing recognition and accountability for the detailed work that goes into its construction. -->

<!--

Model Card Contact

Provides a way for people who have updates to the Model Card, suggestions, or questions, to contact the Model Card authors. -->