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Fatema142/LabourActQA

LabourActQA LabourActQA is a 500-item, expert-verified question-answering benchmark built directly from the statutory text of the Bangladesh Labour Act, 2006 (as amended). Every question, reference answer, and supporting evidence quote is drafted and cross-checked against the Act's own sections, subsections, provisos, and cross-references; no case law, commentary, or secondary legal literature is used at any stage. The dataset spans seven reasoning categories across three… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Fatema142/LabourActQA.

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LabourActQA

LabourActQA is a 500-item, expert-verified question-answering benchmark built directly from the statutory text of the Bangladesh Labour Act, 2006 (as amended). Every question, reference answer, and supporting evidence quote is drafted and cross-checked against the Act's own sections, subsections, provisos, and cross-references; no case law, commentary, or secondary legal literature is used at any stage.

The dataset spans seven reasoning categories across three difficulty tiers, drawn from 19 chapters of the Act, letting it evaluate statutory-reasoning systems from simple fact lookup through multi-hop and hypothetical legal reasoning. It is intended purely as an evaluation benchmark (no train/test split) for retrieval-augmented and agentic legal-QA systems over an under-served, non-English statutory jurisdiction.

Table of contents

Source material

The source document is the **Bangladesh Labour Act, 2006, as amended**, a public government statute issued by the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, with no copyright restriction on the statutory text itself.

The Act's PDF is typeset in a legacy pre-Unicode Bangla font (SutonnyMJ/ShonarBangla-style), which stores glyphs in visual draw order and hijacks ASCII code points for common conjuncts (e.g. শ্র, প্র), so direct PDF text extraction (pypdf, PyMuPDF get_text()) silently corrupts the text under this encoding. GPT-4o and GPT-4o-mini vision were both tried on rendered page images and hallucinated: invented wording, wrong section numbers, one inserted a random English word mid-sentence. The Act was therefore digitized via page-rendered, vision-based OCR with `gemini-3-flash-preview`, whose transcription was cross-checked against the source page images and reproduced the text (including exact section/subsection numbers) correctly. The OCR output was then segmented by a structure-aware chunker into chapter / section / subsection / proviso / cross-reference units before any question was drafted, so that every item is traceable to specific, citable statutory units rather than an arbitrary span of text.

19 of the Act's chapters are represented in the released set:

Table 1. Chapter coverage and item counts

ChapterTitle (English)Title (বাংলা)Items
1Preliminaryপ্রারম্ভিক35
2Employment and Conditions of Serviceনিয়োগ ও চাকুরীর শর্তাবলী35
3Employment of Adolescent Workersকিশোর শ্রমিক নিয়োগ20
4Maternity Benefitপ্রসূতি কল্যাণ সুবিধা15
5Health Provisionsস্বাস্থ্য রক্ষা ব্যবস্থা15
6Safetyনিরাপত্তা30
7Special Provisions Relating to Health, Hygiene and Safetyস্বাস্থ্য, স্বাস্থ্য বিধি ও নিরাপত্তা সম্পর্কে বিশেষ বিধান32
8Welfare Measuresকল্যাণমূলক ব্যবস্থা20
9Working Hours and Leaveকর্মঘণ্টা ও ছুটি15
10Wages and Payment thereofমজুরী ও উহার পরিশোধ15
11Wages Boardমজুরী বোর্ড15
12Compensation for Injury by Accidentদুর্ঘটনাজনিত কারণে জখমের জন্য ক্ষতিপূরণ35
13Trade Unions and Industrial Relationsট্রেড ইউনিয়ন এবং শিল্প সম্পর্ক46
14Settlement of Disputes, Labour Courts, Labour Appellate Tribunal, Legal Proceedings, etc.বিরোধ নিষ্পত্তি, শ্রম আদালত, শ্রম আপীল ট্রাইব্যুনাল, আইনগত কার্যধারা, ইত্যাদি46
15Workers' Participation in Company's Profitsকোম্পানীর মুনাফায় শ্রমিকের অংশগ্রহণ20
17Provident Fundsভবিষ্য তহবিল20
18Apprenticeshipশিক্ষাধীনতা22
19Offences, Penalties and Procedureঅপরাধ, দণ্ড এবং পদ্ধতি32
20Administration, Inspection, etc.প্রশাসন, পরিদর্শন, ইত্যাদি32
Total500

Data fields

Each item is a flat JSON object with the following fields:

Table 2. Schema of a LabourActQA item

FieldTypeDescription
idstringStable identifier encoding chapter and reasoning category, e.g. LABOURACTQA-CH2-DFR-001
numberintegerItem number within its chapter
categorystringThe reasoning category, one of 7 values, see taxonomy
difficultystringEasy, Medium, or Hard, fixed per category, see difficulty tiers
chapterstringChapter number of the Act the item is drawn from, e.g. "2"
chapter_titlestringChapter title as printed in the Act (Bangla)
questionstringThe question, in Bangla
answerstringThe statutorily correct reference answer, in Bangla
evidencestringLiteral quote(s) of the supporting section/subsection text from the Act (the grounding a system should be able to cite)
source_pagestringPage number in the source Act PDF the evidence appears on

Example

json
{
  "id": "LABOURACTQA-CH2-PR-003",
  "number": 14,
  "category": "procedural_reasoning",
  "difficulty": "Medium",
  "chapter": "2",
  "chapter_title": "নিয়োগ ও চাকুরীর শর্তাবলী",
  "question": "কোনো শ্রমিকের বিরুদ্ধে শাস্তির আদেশ দেওয়ার আগে কী কী ধাপ অনুসরণ করা বাধ্যতামূলক?",
  "answer": "শাস্তির আদেশ প্রদান করা যাইবে না, যদি না: (ক) তাহার বিরুদ্ধে অভিযোগ লিখিতভাবে করা হয়; (খ) অভিযোগের কপি দিয়া অন্তত সাত দিন জবাব দেওয়ার সময় দেওয়া হয়; (গ) তাহাকে শুনানীর সুযোগ দেওয়া হয়; (ঘ) মালিক ও শ্রমিকের সম-সংখ্যক প্রতিনিধি সমন্বয়ে গঠিত তদন্ত কমিটির তদন্তের পর (যা ষাট দিনের মধ্যে শেষ করিতে হইবে) তাহাকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত করা হয়; এবং (ঙ) মালিক বা ব্যবস্থাপক বরখাস্তের আদেশ অনুমোদন করেন।",
  "evidence": "২৪(১) ধারা ২৩ এর অধীন কোন শ্রমিকের বিরুদ্ধে শাস্তির আদেশ প্রদান করা যাইবে না, যদি না- (ক) তাহার বিরুদ্ধে অভিযোগ লিখিতভাবে করা হয়; (খ) অভিযোগের একটি কপি তাহাকে দেওয়া হয় এবং ইহার জবাব দেওয়ার জন্য অন্তত সাতদিন সময় দেওয়া হয়; (গ) তাহাকে শুনানীর সুযোগ দেওয়া হয়; (ঘ) মালিক ও শ্রমিকের সম-সংখ্যক প্রতিনিধি সমন্বয়ে গঠিত তদন্ত কমিটির তদন্তের পর তাহাকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত করা হয়: তবে শর্ত থাকে যে, উক্ত তদন্ত ষাট দিনের মধ্যে শেষ করিতে হইবে; (ঙ) মালিক বা ব্যবস্থাপক বরখাস্তের আদেশ অনুমোদন করেন।",
  "source_page": "31"
}

Reasoning category taxonomy

Every item carries exactly one category value, describing the reasoning operation the question demands, independent of which chapter it is drawn from. Difficulty is assigned per category (every item in a given category carries the same tier), so the two fields are not independent axes but two granularities of the same underlying taxonomy.

Table 3. Reasoning category taxonomy, with mapped difficulty tier and item counts

`category` valueMeaningDifficulty tierCount% of dataset
direct_factual_retrievalA single statutory fact stated explicitly in one sectionEasy7815.6%
definitional_classificationThe meaning or classification of a statutory termEasy7615.2%
procedural_reasoningA statutorily defined process or sequence of stepsMedium6112.2%
conditional_reasoningA rule whose application depends on a stated condition or provisoMedium7414.8%
comparative_reasoningContrasting two or more statutory provisionsMedium7014.0%
multi_hop_reasoningCombining information from more than one linked statutory unitHard7414.8%
hypothetical_legal_reasoningApplying a statutory rule to a hypothetical fact patternHard6713.4%
Total500100%

Difficulty tiers

Table 4. Item counts by difficulty tier

DifficultyCategories includedCount% of dataset
EasyDirect Factual Retrieval, Definitional & Classification15430.8%
MediumProcedural, Conditional, Comparative Reasoning20541.0%
HardMulti-hop, Hypothetical Legal Reasoning14128.2%
Total500100%

Chapter-wise distribution

By reasoning category

Table 5. Item counts per chapter, broken down by reasoning category

ChapterDirect Factual RetrievalDefinitional & ClassificationProcedural ReasoningConditional ReasoningComparative ReasoningMulti-hop ReasoningHypothetical Legal ReasoningTotal
1654555535
2565555435
3332333320
4222322215
5321223215
6554444430
7454555432
8333323320
9322222215
10221332215
11222223215
12664545535
13776776646
14776677646
15432323320
17333333220
18332434322
19554454532
20554545432
Total78766174707467500

By difficulty

Table 6. Item counts per chapter, broken down by difficulty tier

ChapterEasyMediumHardTotal
111141035
21115935
368620
447415
555515
61012830
7914932
868620
956415
1047415
1146515
1212131035
1314201246
1414191346
1577620
1769520
1869722
191013932
201013932
Total154205141500

Licensing

This dataset (questions, answers, and evidence annotations) is released under the MIT License. The underlying source document, the Bangladesh Labour Act, 2006 (as amended), is a public statute of the Government of Bangladesh with no copyright restriction on the statutory text itself.

Contact

Maintained by Fatema Tuj Johora Faria (fatema.faria323@gmail.com) and Mukaffi Bin Moin (mukaffi28@gmail.com). For questions, corrections, or issues, please open a discussion on the dataset's Hugging Face repository.