math-ai/BlueMO
BlueMO 🚀 BlueMO: A Comprehensive Collection of Challenging Mathematical Olympiad Problems from the Little Blue Book Series BlueMO is a comprehensive and challenging dataset comprising mathematical olympiad problems paired with detailed solutions, meticulously curated from the esteemed "Little Blue Book" (小蓝书) series (Second Edition)—a vital resource for Chinese students training for national and international olympiad math competitions. Designed to… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/math-ai/BlueMO.
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1{2 "source_file": "./raw_volume-zh/volume6/chapter1-7.tex",3 "problem_type": "calculation",4 "problem": "例1. 已知数列 $\\left\\{a_n\\right\\}$ 满足 $a_1=0, a_{n+1}=5 a_n+\\sqrt{24 a_n^2+1}, n=1,2, \\cdots$. 求此数列的通项.",5 "solution": "解:对递推式作变形, 得\n$$\n\\left(a_{n+1}-5 a_n\\right)^2=24 a_n^2+1,\n$$\n即有\n$$\na_{n+1}^2-10 a_n a_{n+1}+a_n^2=1 . \\label{eq1}\n$$\n上式中下标用 $n+1$ 代替 $n$, 得\n$$\na_{n+2}^2-10 a_{n+1} a_{n+2}+a_{n+1}^2=1 . \\label{eq2}\n$$\n对比式\\ref{eq1}与\\ref{eq2}可知, $a_n$ 与 $a_{n+2}$ 都是方程\n$$\nx^2-10 a_{n+1} x+a_{n+1}^2-1=0 . \\label{eq3}\n$$\n的根, 而由递推式可知 $\\left\\{a_n\\right\\}$ 是递增数列, 故 $a_n$ 与 $a_{n+2}$ 不同, 从而对式\\ref{eq3}用韦达定理, 得\n$$\na_{n+2}+a_n=10 a_{n+1},\n$$\n即 $a_{n+2}=10 a_{n+1}-a_n, n=1,2, \\cdots$.\n此题本质上是一个二阶齐次线性递推数列, 下面我们用两种方法来求数列的通项.\n方法一其特征方程为\n$$\n\\lambda^2=10 \\lambda-1,\n$$\n它的两个根为 $\\lambda_{1,2}=5 \\pm 2 \\sqrt{6}$. 于是, 可设\n$$\na_n=A \\cdot(5+2 \\sqrt{6})^n+B \\cdot(5-2 \\sqrt{6})^n .\n$$\n由初始条件 $a_1=0$ 知 $a_2=1$,\n$$\n\\left\\{\\begin{array}{l}\n(5+2 \\sqrt{6}) A+(5-2 \\sqrt{6}) B=0, \\\\\n(5+2 \\sqrt{6})^2 A+(5-2 \\sqrt{6})^2 B=1 .\n\\end{array}\\right.\n$$\n解得 $A=\\frac{5-2 \\sqrt{6}}{4 \\sqrt{6}}, B=\\frac{-5-2 \\sqrt{6}}{4 \\sqrt{6}}$. 所以\n$$\na_n=\\frac{1}{4 \\sqrt{6}} .\\left((5+2 \\sqrt{6})^{n-1}-(5-2 \\sqrt{6})^{n-1}\\right) .\n$$\n方法二利用母函数方法, 为方便起见, 利用 $a_1=0, a_2=1$ 及递推式补充定义 $a_0=-1$. 则 $\\left\\{a_n\\right\\}(n=0,1,2, \\cdots)$ 的母函数 $f(x)$ 满足\n$$\n\\begin{aligned}\nf(x) & =\\sum_{n=0}^{+\\infty} a_n x^n=-1+\\sum_{n=2}^{+\\infty} a_n x^n \\\\\n& =-1+10 \\sum_{n=2}^{+\\infty} a_{n-1} x^n-\\sum_{n=2}^{+\\infty} a_{n-2} x^n \\\\\n& =-1+10 x \\sum_{n=1}^{+\\infty} a_n x^n-x^2 \\sum_{n=0}^{+\\infty} a_n x^n \\\\\n& =-1+10 x(f(x)+1)-x^2 f(x) .\n\\end{aligned}\n$$\n解得 $f(x)=\\frac{10 x-1}{x^2-10 x+1}$.\n下面设 $f(x)=\\frac{A}{1-(5+2 \\sqrt{6}) x}+\\frac{B}{1-(5-2 \\sqrt{6}) x}$ (即将 $f(x)$ 写成部分分式的形式), 则应有\n$$\n\\left\\{\\begin{array}{l}\n(5-2 \\sqrt{6}) A+(5+2 \\sqrt{6}) B=-10, \\\\\nA+B=-1 .\n\\end{array}\\right.\n$$\n解得 $B=\\frac{1}{4 \\sqrt{6}}(-5-2 \\sqrt{6}), A=\\frac{1}{4 \\sqrt{6}}(5-2 \\sqrt{6})$.\n现在将 $f(x)$ 展开成形式级数, 知\n$$\n\\begin{aligned}\nf(x) & =A \\sum_{n=0}^{+\\infty}(5+2 \\sqrt{6})^n x^n+B \\sum_{n=0}^{+\\infty}(5-2 \\sqrt{6})^n x^n . \\\\\n& =\\sum_{n=0}^{+\\infty}\\left(A(5+2 \\sqrt{6})^n+B(5-2 \\sqrt{6})^n\\right) x^n .\n\\end{aligned}\n$$\n所以 $a_n=A(5+2 \\sqrt{6})^n+B(5-2 \\sqrt{6})^n=-\\frac{1}{4 \\sqrt{6}}\\left((5+2 \\sqrt{6})^{n-1}-(5-2 \\sqrt{6})^{n-1}\\right)$.\n说明此例展示了利用母函数方法求数列通项的基本步骤: 利用递推关系求出母函数 $f(x)$, 然后将 $f(x)$ 展开成级数形式, 由对应项系数相等得出通项公式.",6 "remark": "",7 "figures": []8}