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math-ai/BlueMO

BlueMO 🚀 BlueMO: A Comprehensive Collection of Challenging Mathematical Olympiad Problems from the Little Blue Book Series   BlueMO is a comprehensive and challenging dataset comprising mathematical olympiad problems paired with detailed solutions, meticulously curated from the esteemed "Little Blue Book" (小蓝书) series (Second Edition)—a vital resource for Chinese students training for national and international olympiad math competitions. Designed to… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/math-ai/BlueMO.

sourceHugging Facecc-by-nd-4.0updated 8mo agoView on Hugging Face
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1{2    "source_file": "./raw_volume-zh/volume2/exercise7.tex",3    "problem_type": "calculation",4    "problem": "问题28. 求函数方程:\n$$\nf(4 x)=f(2 x)+f(x)(x \\in(-\\infty,+\\infty))\n$$\n的所有解.",5    "solution": "在原恒等式中取 $x=0$, 得 $f(0)=0$. 若任取 $x=a \\neq 0$, 设 $f(a)=b_1, f(2 a)=b_2$. \n由原恒等式可得 $\\left\\{\\begin{array}{l}f(4 a)=b_1+b_2, \\\\ f(8 a)=b_1+2 b_2, \\\\ f(18 a)=2 b_1+3 b_2, \\\\ \\ldots \\ldots\\end{array}\\right.$ \n将原恒等式改写为 $f(x)=f(4 x)-f(2 x)$. 于是 $f\\left(\\frac{x}{2}\\right)=f(2 x)-f(x)$. 从而 $\\left\\{\\begin{array}{l}f\\left(\\frac{a}{2}\\right)=b_2-b_1, \\\\ f\\left(\\frac{a}{4}\\right)=-b_2+2 b_1, \\\\ f\\left(\\frac{9}{8}\\right)=2 b_2-3 b_1, \\\\ \\ldots \\ldots\\end{array}\\right.$ 合 $\\left\\{2^n a \\mid n=0, \\pm 1, \\pm 2, \\cdots\\right\\}$ 上的取值就唯一确定了下来.\n因此, 只要任给了 $f(x)$ 在区间 $[1,2)$ 和 $[2,4)$ 上的值, $f$ 在 $(0,+\\infty)$ 上就完全确定了.\n同样, 再给定 $f$ 在 $[-4,-2]$ 和 $(-2,-1]$ 上的值, $f$ 在 $(-\\infty, 0)$ 上也唯一确定了.\n记 $t_n=f\\left(2^n x\\right)$. \n于是, 由函数方程 $f(4 x)=f(2 x)+f(x)$, 知 $t_n=t_{n-1}+t_{n-2}$. 对应的特征方程为 $x^2=x+1$. 其根 $x_{1,2}=\\frac{1 \\pm \\sqrt{5}}{2}$. 故 $t_n=\\alpha_1 x_1^n+\\alpha_2 x_2^n$. 由于 $\\left\\{\\begin{array}{l}\\alpha_1=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{5}}\\left(f(2 x)-\\frac{1-\\sqrt{5}}{2} f(x)\\right), \\\\ \\alpha_2=-\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{5}}\\left(f(2 x)-\\frac{1+\\sqrt{5}}{2} f(x)\\right) .\\end{array}\\right.$\n因此, 函数方程的解可表达如下: $f(x)=\\left\\{\\begin{aligned} g(x), \\text { 当 } 1 \\leqslant x<4 \\text { 或 }-4<x \\leqslant 1, g(x) \\text { 任意给定; } \\\\ \\alpha_1 \\cdot\\left(\\frac{1+\\sqrt{5}}{2}\\right)^n+\\alpha_2\\left(\\frac{1-\\sqrt{5}}{2}\\right)^n, \\text { 当 } 2^n \\leqslant x<2^{n+1} \\text { 或者 } \\\\ \\quad-2^{n+1}<x \\leqslant-2^n, n=-1, \\pm 2, \\pm 3, \\pm 4, \\cdots ;\\end{aligned}\\right.$ 其中 $\\left\\{\\begin{array}{l}\\alpha_1=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{5}}\\left(g\\left(\\frac{x}{2^{n-1}}\\right)-\\frac{1-\\sqrt{5}}{2} g\\left(\\frac{x}{2 n}\\right)\\right), \\\\ \\alpha_2=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{5}}\\left(-g\\left(\\frac{x}{2^{n-1}}\\right)+\\frac{1+\\sqrt{5}}{2} g\\left(\\frac{x}{2^n}\\right)\\right) .\\end{array}\\right.$",6    "remark": "",7    "figures": []8}