math-ai/BlueMO
BlueMO 🚀 BlueMO: A Comprehensive Collection of Challenging Mathematical Olympiad Problems from the Little Blue Book Series BlueMO is a comprehensive and challenging dataset comprising mathematical olympiad problems paired with detailed solutions, meticulously curated from the esteemed "Little Blue Book" (小蓝书) series (Second Edition)—a vital resource for Chinese students training for national and international olympiad math competitions. Designed to… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/math-ai/BlueMO.
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1{2 "source_file": "./raw_volume-zh/volume2/exercise7.tex",3 "problem_type": "calculation",4 "problem": "问题9 求所有函数 $f, g: \\mathbf{R} \\rightarrow \\mathbf{R}$, 使得对任意 $x, y \\in \\mathbf{R}$,\n$$\nf(x+y g(x))=g(x)+x f(y) .\n$$",5 "solution": "(1) $f(x) \\equiv 0, g(x) \\equiv 0$ 为此函数方程的平凡解.\n(2) 下面我们考虑非平凡解.\n令 $x=0$, 则 $f(y g(0))=g(0)$. 若 $g(0) \\neq 0$, 则 $f(x)=g(0)$, 即 $f(x)$ 为常数 $c$; 于是 $g(0)=g(x)+x g(0), g(x)=(1-x) g(0)$. 故 $f(x)=c$, $g(x)=(1-x) c$ 为解.\n(3) 若 $g(0)=0$, 则 $f(0)=0$. 令 $y=0$, 有 $f(x)=g(x)+x f(0)=g(x)$, 任意 $x \\in \\mathbf{R}$. \n故问题转化为求一个函数方程: $f(x+y f(x))=f(x)+x f(y)$ (对任意 $x, y \\in \\mathbf{R}$ ) 的解.\n令 $y=0$, 则 $f(x)=f(x)+x f(0)$, 故 $f(0)=0$; 若 $f(x)=0$, 则 $0=x f(y)$, 因而 $x=0$. 即 $f(x)=0 \\Leftrightarrow x=0 \\cdots \\circledast$. 令 $x=1$, 得 $f(1+y f(1))=f(1)+f(y) \\cdots$ (1). \n若 $f(1) \\neq 1$, 取 $y=\\frac{1}{1-f(1)}$, 代入 (1), 得 $f(1)=0$, 与 $\\circledast$ 矛盾.\n所以 $f(1)=1$, 故 $f(1+y)=1+f(y)$, 任意 $y \\in \\mathbf{R} \\cdots$ (2). \n特别地, $f(n)=n$, $n \\in \\mathbf{Z}$. 取 $x=n \\in \\mathbf{Z}, y=z-1$, 代入方程得 $f(n z)=f(n+f(z-1) f(n))= n+n f(z-1)=n f(z)$, 任意 $n \\in \\mathbf{Z}, z \\in \\mathbf{R}$. \n因此 $f(r z)=r f(z)$, 任意 $r \\in \\mathbf{Q}, z \\in \\mathbf{R} \\cdots$ (3). \n由(3), $f(a)+f(-a)=0=f(a-a)$. 当 $a+b \\neq 0$ 时, $f(a)+ f(b)=f\\left(\\frac{a+b}{2}+\\frac{\\frac{a-b}{2}}{f\\left(\\frac{a+b}{2}\\right)} \\cdot f\\left(\\frac{a+b}{2}\\right)\\right)+f\\left(\\frac{a+b}{2}+\\frac{\\frac{b-a}{2}}{f\\left(\\frac{a+b}{2}\\right)} \\cdot f\\left(\\frac{a+b}{2}\\right)\\right)=\\cdot f\\left(\\frac{a+b}{2}\\right)+\\frac{a+b}{2} \\cdot f\\left(\\frac{\\frac{a-b}{2}}{f\\left(\\frac{a+b}{2}\\right)}\\right)+f\\left(\\frac{a+b}{2}\\right)+\\frac{a+b}{2} f\\left(\\frac{\\frac{b-a}{2}}{f\\left(\\frac{a+b}{2}\\right)}\\right)= 2 f\\left(\\frac{a+b}{2}\\right)=f(a+b)$. \n所以 $f(x+y f(x))=f(x)+f(y f(x)), x+y f(x) \\neq$ 0. \n又 $f(x+y f(x))=f(x)+x f(y)$, 因此 $f(y f(x))=x f(y)$. \n令 $y=1$, 则 $f(f(x))=x$, 故 $f$ 为双射.\n将 $x$ 换成 $f(x)$, 有 $f(x y)=f(x) f(y)$, 任意 $x$, $y \\in \\mathbf{R}$. 令 $y=x$, 则$f\\left(x^2\\right)=f^2(x)>0$. \n令 $y=-x$, 则 $f\\left(-x^2\\right)=f(x) f(-x)$, 故 $f(x)>0 \\Leftrightarrow x>0$. \n又因为 $f(x-f(x))=f(x)-x=-(x- f(x)$ ), 所以 $f(x)-x=0, x \\in \\mathbf{R}$. 从而 $f(x)=g(x)=x$, 任意 $x \\in \\mathbf{R}$.",6 "remark": "",7 "figures": []8}