math-ai/BlueMO
BlueMO 🚀 BlueMO: A Comprehensive Collection of Challenging Mathematical Olympiad Problems from the Little Blue Book Series BlueMO is a comprehensive and challenging dataset comprising mathematical olympiad problems paired with detailed solutions, meticulously curated from the esteemed "Little Blue Book" (小蓝书) series (Second Edition)—a vital resource for Chinese students training for national and international olympiad math competitions. Designed to… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/math-ai/BlueMO.
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1{2 "source_file": "./raw_volume-zh/volume14/chapter5.tex",3 "problem_type": "calculation",4 "problem": "例3. 在 $(1,2, \\cdots, n)$ 的一个排列 $\\left(a_1, a_2, \\cdots, a_n\\right)$ 中, 如果 $a_i \\neq i(i= 1,2, \\cdots, n$ ), 则称这种排列为一个错位排列 (也称更列). 求错位排列的个数 $D_n$.",5 "solution": "解:设 $(1,2, \\cdots, n)$ 的所有排列组成集合 $I$, 并将 $I$ 中满足条件 $a_i=i$ 的排列全体记为 $A_i$. 显然 $D_n=\\left|\\overline{A_1} \\cap \\overline{A_2} \\cap \\cdots \\cap \\overline{A_n}\\right|$. 易知\n$$\n|I|=\\mathrm{P}_n^n=n !,\\left|A_i\\right|=\\mathrm{P}_{n-1}^{n-1}=(n-1) !(1 \\leqslant i \\leqslant n),\n$$\n同理, 对 $1 \\leqslant i_1<i_2<\\cdots<i_s \\leqslant n$ 可得\n$$\n\\left|A_{i_1} \\cap A_{i_2} \\cap \\cdots \\cap A_{i_s}\\right|=\\mathrm{P}_{n-s}^{n-s}=(n-s) ! .\n$$\n由容斥原理得\n$$\n\\begin{aligned}\nD_n & =|I|-\\sum_{i=1}^n\\left|A_i\\right|+\\sum_{1 \\leqslant i<j \\leqslant n}\\left|A_i \\cap A_j\\right|-\\cdots+(-1)^n\\left|A_1 \\cap A_2 \\cap \\cdots \\cap A_n\\right| \\\\\n& =\\sum_{k=0}^n(-1)^k \\mathrm{C}_n^k(n-k) !=\\sum_{k=0}^n(-1)^k \\frac{n !}{k !}=n ! \\sum_{k=0}^n \\frac{(-1)^k}{k !}\n\\end{aligned}\n$$",6 "remark": "注:本题是 \"错位排列\"计数问题.\n由于所设的集合 $A_i$ 恰好含有那些需被排除的排列, 且每个 $\\left|A_{i_1} \\cap A_{i_2} \\cap \\cdots \\cap A_{i_s}\\right|$ 都很容易计算, 故采用容质原理计数条理清晰, 确保不重复不遗漏.",7 "figures": []8}