math-ai/BlueMO
BlueMO 🚀 BlueMO: A Comprehensive Collection of Challenging Mathematical Olympiad Problems from the Little Blue Book Series BlueMO is a comprehensive and challenging dataset comprising mathematical olympiad problems paired with detailed solutions, meticulously curated from the esteemed "Little Blue Book" (小蓝书) series (Second Edition)—a vital resource for Chinese students training for national and international olympiad math competitions. Designed to… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/math-ai/BlueMO.
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1{2 "source_file": "./raw_volume-zh/volume11/exercise3.tex",3 "problem_type": "calculation",4 "problem": "问题3. 用母函数方法求下列问题的解.\n(1) 求各位数字之和等于 17 的三位正整数的个数;\n(2) 将一张 $n$ 元的纸币全部兑换为 1 元和 2 元的纸币, 问有多少种不同的兑换方法?",5 "solution": "(1) 设各位数字之和等于 $n$ 的三位数有 $a_n$ 个, 则 $a_n=\\sum_{a+b+c=n} 1(a, b, c$ 均为整数且 $1 \\leqslant a \\leqslant 9,0 \\leqslant b \\leqslant 9,0 \\leqslant c \\leqslant 9) . a_n$ 的母函数为 $f(x)=\\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty} a_n x^n= \\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty}\\left(\\sum_{a+b+c=n} 1\\right) x^n=\\sum_{a=1}^9 \\sum_{b=0}^9 \\sum_{c=0}^9 x^{a+b+c}=\\left(\\sum_{a=1}^9 x^a\\right)\\left(\\sum_{b=0}^9 x^b\\right)\\left(\\sum_{c=0}^g x^c\\right)= \\frac{x\\left(1-x^9\\right)\\left(1-x^{10}\\right)^2}{(1-x)^3}=\\left(x-x^{10}-2 x^{11}+2 x^{20}+x^{21}-x^{30}\\right)\\left(\\sum_{i=0}^{\\infty} \\mathrm{C}_{i+2}^2 x^i\\right)$. 其中 $x^{17}$ 的系数为 $a_{17}=\\mathrm{C}_{18}^2-\\mathrm{C}_9^2-2 \\mathrm{C}_8^2=61$, 即各位数字之和等于 17 的三位数有 61 个; (2) 类似于 (1) 可知所求方法数为下列多项式中 $x^n$ 的系数 $a_n: f(x)=\\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty} a_n x^n=\\left(\\sum_{a=0}^{\\infty} x^a\\right)\\left(\\sum_{b=0}^{\\infty} x^{2 b}\\right)=\\left(\\frac{1}{1-x}\\right)\\left(\\frac{1}{1-x^2}\\right)= \\frac{1}{(1+x)(1-x)^2}=\\frac{1}{4(1+x)}+\\frac{1}{2(1-x)^2}+\\frac{1}{4(1-x)}=\\frac{1}{4} \\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty}(-1)^n x^n+ \\frac{1}{2} \\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty} \\mathrm{C}_{n+1}^1 x^n+\\frac{1}{4} \\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty} x^n=\\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty}\\left(\\frac{n+1}{2}+\\frac{1+(-1)^n}{4}\\right) x^n$, 故所求兑换方法数为 $a_n=\\frac{n+1}{2}+\\frac{1+(-1)^n}{4}=\\left[\\frac{n+2}{2}\\right]$.",6 "remark": "",7 "figures": []8}