math-ai/BlueMO
BlueMO 🚀 BlueMO: A Comprehensive Collection of Challenging Mathematical Olympiad Problems from the Little Blue Book Series BlueMO is a comprehensive and challenging dataset comprising mathematical olympiad problems paired with detailed solutions, meticulously curated from the esteemed "Little Blue Book" (小蓝书) series (Second Edition)—a vital resource for Chinese students training for national and international olympiad math competitions. Designed to… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/math-ai/BlueMO.
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1{2 "source_file": "./raw_volume-zh/volume11/exercise13.tex",3 "problem_type": "calculation",4 "problem": "问题2. 将正三角形每边 $n$ 等分, 过分点在正三角形内作边的平行线将正三角形剖分为小正三角形, 问 (1) 其中有多少个正三角形 (包括原来的正三角形在内)?(2)有多少个菱形?",5 "solution": "(1) 边长为 $k$ 且 \"头朝上\" 的正三角形个数为 $x_k=1+2+\\cdots+[n- (k-1)]=\\frac{1}{2}(n-k+1)(n-k+2)=\\frac{1}{6}[(n-k+1)(n-k+2)(n-k+ 3)-(n-k)(n-k+1)(n-k+2)]$, 故 \"头朝上\" 的正三角形个数为 $S_1= \\sum_{k=1}^n x_k=\\frac{1}{6} \\sum_{k=1}^n[(n-k+1)(n-k+2)(n-k+3)-(n-k)(n-k+1)(n- k+2)]=\\frac{1}{6} n(n+1)(n+2)$. 边长为 $l$ 且 \"头朝下\" 的正三角形个数为 $y_i= 1+2+3+\\cdots+(n-2 l+1)=\\frac{1}{2}(n-2 l+1)(n-2 l+2)\\left(1 \\leqslant l \\leqslant\\left[\\frac{n}{2}\\right]\\right)$.\n当 $n=2 m$ 为偶数时, \"头朝下\"的正三角形个数为 $S_2=\\sum_{l=1}^{\\left[\\frac{n}{2}\\right]} y_l=\\frac{1}{2} \\sum_{l=1}^m[(2 m- \\left.2 l+2)^2-(2 m-2 l+2)\\right]=\\sum_{l=1}^m\\left[2(m-l+1)^2-(m-l+1)\\right]=2 \\sum_{l=1}^m l^2- \\sum_{l=1}^m l=2 \\times \\frac{1}{6} m(m+1)(2 m+1)-\\frac{1}{2} m(m+1)=\\frac{1}{6} m(m+1)(4 m-1)= \\frac{1}{24} n(n+2)(2 n-1)$, 当 $n=2 m-1$ 时, 类似可得 $S_2=\\sum_{l=1}^{\\left[\\frac{n}{2}\\right]} y_l=\\frac{1}{2} \\sum_{l=1}^{m-1}(2 m- 2 l)(2 m-2 l+1)=2 \\sum_{l=1}^{m-1}(m-l)^2+\\sum_{l=1}^{m-1}(m-l)=\\frac{1}{3}(m-1) m(2 m-1)+ \\frac{1}{2}(m-1) m=\\frac{1}{6}(m-1) m(4 m+1)=\\frac{1}{24}(n-1)(n+1)(2 n+3)$, 故当 $n$ 为偶数时正三角形总个数为 $S=S_1+S_2=\\frac{1}{6} n(n+1)(n+2)+\\frac{1}{24} n(n+2) (2 n-1)=\\frac{1}{8} n(n+2)(2 n+1)$; 当 $n$ 为奇数时, 正三角形总个数为 $S= \\frac{1}{6} n(n+1)(n+2)+\\frac{1}{24}(n-1)(n+1)(2 n+3)=\\frac{1}{8}(n+1)\\left(2 n^2+3 n-1\\right)$.\n(2)因边不平行 $B C$ 的菱形的下半部分正好是一个 \"头朝下\" 的正三角形,这种对应是一一对应.\n故边不平行 $B C$ 的菱形个数等于 \"头朝下\"的正三角形个数 $S_2$. 于是由 (1) 知当 $n$ 为偶数时, 菱形的个数为 $3 S_2=\\frac{3}{8} n(n+2)(2 n- 1), n$ 为奇数时,菱形的个数为 $3 S_2=\\frac{3}{8}(n-1)(n+1)(2 n+3)$.",6 "remark": "",7 "figures": []8}