SALT-NLP/Design2Code-HARD
This dataset consists of 80 extra difficult webpages from Github Pages, which challenges SoTA multimodal LLMs on converting visual designs into code implementations. Each example is a pair of source HTML and screenshot ({id}.html and {id}.png). See the "easy" version of the Design2Code testset here Note that all images in these webpages are replaced by a placeholder image (rick.jpg) Please refer to our project page and our paper for more information.
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1<!DOCTYPE html>2<html class="js-focus-visible js" data-js-focus-visible lang="en">3 <head>4 <meta charset="utf-8">5 <meta content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" name="viewport">6 <meta content="mkdocs-1.5.3, mkdocs-material-9.4.5" name="generator">7 <title>8 Crosschain Risk Framework9 </title>10 <style>11 @charset "UTF-8";html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;text-size-adjust:none;box-sizing:border-box}*,:after,:before{box-sizing:inherit}@media (prefers-reduced-motion){*,:after,:before{transition:none!important}}body{margin:0}a,button,input,label{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}hr{border:0;box-sizing:initial;display:block;height:.05rem;overflow:visible;padding:0}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{line-height:1em}img{border-style:none}table{border-collapse:initial;border-spacing:0}td,th{font-weight:400;vertical-align:top}button{background:#0000;border:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;margin:0;padding:0}input{border:0;outline:none}:root{--md-primary-fg-color:#4051b5;--md-primary-fg-color--light:#5d6cc0;--md-primary-fg-color--dark:#303fa1;--md-primary-bg-color:#fff;--md-primary-bg-color--light:#ffffffb3;--md-accent-fg-color:#526cfe;--md-accent-fg-color--transparent:#526cfe1a;--md-accent-bg-color:#fff;--md-accent-bg-color--light:#ffffffb3}[data-md-color-scheme=default]{color-scheme:light}[data-md-color-scheme=default] img[src$="#gh-dark-mode-only"],[data-md-color-scheme=default] img[src$="#only-dark"]{display:none}:root,[data-md-color-scheme=default]{--md-hue:225deg;--md-default-fg-color:#000000de;--md-default-fg-color--light:#0000008a;--md-default-fg-color--lighter:#00000052;--md-default-fg-color--lightest:#00000012;--md-default-bg-color:#fff;--md-default-bg-color--light:#ffffffb3;--md-default-bg-color--lighter:#ffffff4d;--md-default-bg-color--lightest:#ffffff1f;--md-code-fg-color:#36464e;--md-code-bg-color:#f5f5f5;--md-code-hl-color:#4287ff;--md-code-hl-color--light:#4287ff1a;--md-code-hl-number-color:#d52a2a;--md-code-hl-special-color:#db1457;--md-code-hl-function-color:#a846b9;--md-code-hl-constant-color:#6e59d9;--md-code-hl-keyword-color:#3f6ec6;--md-code-hl-string-color:#1c7d4d;--md-code-hl-name-color:var(--md-code-fg-color);--md-code-hl-operator-color:var(--md-default-fg-color--light);--md-code-hl-punctuation-color:var(--md-default-fg-color--light);--md-code-hl-comment-color:var(--md-default-fg-color--light);--md-code-hl-generic-color:var(--md-default-fg-color--light);--md-code-hl-variable-color:var(--md-default-fg-color--light);--md-typeset-color:var(--md-default-fg-color);--md-typeset-a-color:var(--md-primary-fg-color);--md-typeset-del-color:#f5503d26;--md-typeset-ins-color:#0bd57026;--md-typeset-kbd-color:#fafafa;--md-typeset-kbd-accent-color:#fff;--md-typeset-kbd-border-color:#b8b8b8;--md-typeset-mark-color:#ffff0080;--md-typeset-table-color:#0000001f;--md-typeset-table-color--light:rgba(0,0,0,.035);--md-admonition-fg-color:var(--md-default-fg-color);--md-admonition-bg-color:var(--md-default-bg-color);--md-warning-fg-color:#000000de;--md-warning-bg-color:#ff9;--md-footer-fg-color:#fff;--md-footer-fg-color--light:#ffffffb3;--md-footer-fg-color--lighter:#ffffff73;--md-footer-bg-color:#000000de;--md-footer-bg-color--dark:#00000052;--md-shadow-z1:0 0.2rem 0.5rem #0000000d,0 0 0.05rem #0000001a;--md-shadow-z2:0 0.2rem 0.5rem #0000001a,0 0 0.05rem #00000040;--md-shadow-z3:0 0.2rem 0.5rem #0003,0 0 0.05rem #00000059}.md-icon 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U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;58}59/* latin-ext */60@font-face {61 font-family: 'Roboto';62 font-style: italic;63 font-weight: 300;64 font-display: fallback;65 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TjASc0CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');66 unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;67}68/* latin */69@font-face {70 font-family: 'Roboto';71 font-style: italic;72 font-weight: 300;73 font-display: fallback;74 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TjASc6CsQ.woff2) format('woff2');75 unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;76}77/* cyrillic-ext */78@font-face {79 font-family: 'Roboto';80 font-style: italic;81 font-weight: 400;82 font-display: fallback;83 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xFIzIFKw.woff2) format('woff2');84 unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;85}86/* cyrillic */87@font-face {88 font-family: 'Roboto';89 font-style: italic;90 font-weight: 400;91 font-display: fallback;92 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xMIzIFKw.woff2) format('woff2');93 unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;94}95/* greek-ext */96@font-face {97 font-family: 'Roboto';98 font-style: italic;99 font-weight: 400;100 font-display: fallback;101 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xEIzIFKw.woff2) format('woff2');102 unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;103}104/* greek */105@font-face {106 font-family: 'Roboto';107 font-style: italic;108 font-weight: 400;109 font-display: fallback;110 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xLIzIFKw.woff2) format('woff2');111 unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;112}113/* vietnamese */114@font-face {115 font-family: 'Roboto';116 font-style: italic;117 font-weight: 400;118 font-display: fallback;119 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xHIzIFKw.woff2) format('woff2');120 unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;121}122/* latin-ext */123@font-face {124 font-family: 'Roboto';125 font-style: italic;126 font-weight: 400;127 font-display: fallback;128 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xGIzIFKw.woff2) format('woff2');129 unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;130}131/* latin */132@font-face {133 font-family: 'Roboto';134 font-style: italic;135 font-weight: 400;136 font-display: fallback;137 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xIIzI.woff2) format('woff2');138 unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;139}140/* cyrillic-ext */141@font-face {142 font-family: 'Roboto';143 font-style: italic;144 font-weight: 700;145 font-display: fallback;146 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic3CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');147 unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;148}149/* cyrillic */150@font-face {151 font-family: 'Roboto';152 font-style: italic;153 font-weight: 700;154 font-display: fallback;155 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic-CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');156 unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;157}158/* greek-ext */159@font-face {160 font-family: 'Roboto';161 font-style: italic;162 font-weight: 700;163 font-display: fallback;164 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic2CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');165 unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;166}167/* greek */168@font-face {169 font-family: 'Roboto';170 font-style: italic;171 font-weight: 700;172 font-display: fallback;173 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic5CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');174 unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;175}176/* vietnamese */177@font-face {178 font-family: 'Roboto';179 font-style: italic;180 font-weight: 700;181 font-display: fallback;182 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic1CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');183 unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;184}185/* latin-ext */186@font-face {187 font-family: 'Roboto';188 font-style: italic;189 font-weight: 700;190 font-display: fallback;191 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic0CsTKlA.woff2) format('woff2');192 unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;193}194/* latin */195@font-face {196 font-family: 'Roboto';197 font-style: italic;198 font-weight: 700;199 font-display: fallback;200 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51TzBic6CsQ.woff2) format('woff2');201 unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;202}203/* cyrillic-ext */204@font-face {205 font-family: 'Roboto';206 font-style: normal;207 font-weight: 300;208 font-display: fallback;209 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fCRc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');210 unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;211}212/* cyrillic */213@font-face {214 font-family: 'Roboto';215 font-style: normal;216 font-weight: 300;217 font-display: fallback;218 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fABc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');219 unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;220}221/* greek-ext */222@font-face {223 font-family: 'Roboto';224 font-style: normal;225 font-weight: 300;226 font-display: fallback;227 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fCBc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');228 unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;229}230/* greek */231@font-face {232 font-family: 'Roboto';233 font-style: normal;234 font-weight: 300;235 font-display: fallback;236 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fBxc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');237 unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;238}239/* vietnamese */240@font-face {241 font-family: 'Roboto';242 font-style: normal;243 font-weight: 300;244 font-display: fallback;245 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fCxc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');246 unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;247}248/* latin-ext */249@font-face {250 font-family: 'Roboto';251 font-style: normal;252 font-weight: 300;253 font-display: fallback;254 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fChc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');255 unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;256}257/* latin */258@font-face {259 font-family: 'Roboto';260 font-style: normal;261 font-weight: 300;262 font-display: fallback;263 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fBBc4.woff2) format('woff2');264 unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;265}266/* cyrillic-ext */267@font-face {268 font-family: 'Roboto';269 font-style: normal;270 font-weight: 400;271 font-display: fallback;272 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu72xKOzY.woff2) format('woff2');273 unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;274}275/* cyrillic */276@font-face {277 font-family: 'Roboto';278 font-style: normal;279 font-weight: 400;280 font-display: fallback;281 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu5mxKOzY.woff2) format('woff2');282 unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;283}284/* greek-ext */285@font-face {286 font-family: 'Roboto';287 font-style: normal;288 font-weight: 400;289 font-display: fallback;290 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7mxKOzY.woff2) format('woff2');291 unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;292}293/* greek */294@font-face {295 font-family: 'Roboto';296 font-style: normal;297 font-weight: 400;298 font-display: fallback;299 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4WxKOzY.woff2) format('woff2');300 unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;301}302/* vietnamese */303@font-face {304 font-family: 'Roboto';305 font-style: normal;306 font-weight: 400;307 font-display: fallback;308 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7WxKOzY.woff2) format('woff2');309 unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;310}311/* latin-ext */312@font-face {313 font-family: 'Roboto';314 font-style: normal;315 font-weight: 400;316 font-display: fallback;317 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7GxKOzY.woff2) format('woff2');318 unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;319}320/* latin */321@font-face {322 font-family: 'Roboto';323 font-style: normal;324 font-weight: 400;325 font-display: fallback;326 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4mxK.woff2) format('woff2');327 unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;328}329/* cyrillic-ext */330@font-face {331 font-family: 'Roboto';332 font-style: normal;333 font-weight: 700;334 font-display: fallback;335 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfCRc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');336 unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;337}338/* cyrillic */339@font-face {340 font-family: 'Roboto';341 font-style: normal;342 font-weight: 700;343 font-display: fallback;344 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfABc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');345 unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;346}347/* greek-ext */348@font-face {349 font-family: 'Roboto';350 font-style: normal;351 font-weight: 700;352 font-display: fallback;353 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfCBc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');354 unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;355}356/* greek */357@font-face {358 font-family: 'Roboto';359 font-style: normal;360 font-weight: 700;361 font-display: fallback;362 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfBxc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');363 unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;364}365/* vietnamese */366@font-face {367 font-family: 'Roboto';368 font-style: normal;369 font-weight: 700;370 font-display: fallback;371 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfCxc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');372 unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;373}374/* latin-ext */375@font-face {376 font-family: 'Roboto';377 font-style: normal;378 font-weight: 700;379 font-display: fallback;380 src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v32/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmWUlfChc4EsA.woff2) format('woff2');381 unicode-range: U+0100-02AF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;382}383/* latin */384@font-face {385 font-family: 'Roboto';386 font-style: normal;387 font-weight: 700;388 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repository">706 <div class="md-source__icon md-icon">707 </div>708 <div class="md-source__repository md-source__repository--active">709 GitHub710 <ul class="md-source__facts">711 <li class="md-source__fact md-source__fact--stars">712 42713 </li>714 <li class="md-source__fact md-source__fact--forks">715 5716 </li>717 </ul>718 </div>719 </a>720 </div>721 <ul class="md-nav__list">722 <li class="md-nav__item">723 <a class="md-nav__link">724 <span class="md-ellipsis">725 Introduction726 </span>727 </a>728 </li>729 <li class="md-nav__item">730 <a class="md-nav__link">731 <span class="md-ellipsis">732 Categories of Risk733 </span>734 </a>735 </li>736 <li class="md-nav__item">737 <a class="md-nav__link">738 <span class="md-ellipsis">739 Network Consensus Risk740 </span>741 </a>742 </li>743 <li class="md-nav__item">744 <a class="md-nav__link">745 <span class="md-ellipsis">746 Protocol Architecture Risk747 </span>748 </a>749 </li>750 </ul>751 </nav>752 </div>753 </div>754 </div>755 <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">756 <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">757 <!-- BEGIN INCLUDE framework/01intro/introduction.md -->758 <h1 id="introduction">759 Introduction760 </h1>761 <p>762 With several layer-one protocols gaining meaningful traction over the last few years and layer-two protocols taking763 <a>764 center stage in the scalability roadmap for Ethereum765 </a>766 , it is increasingly becoming clear that the future will be multichain. This thesis is further reinforced by emerging patterns such as767 <a>768 modular blockchains769 </a>770 ,771 <a>772 application-specific chains773 </a>774 , and775 <a>776 fractal scaling777 </a>778 . A multichain world is one in which disparate chains co-exist as thriving ecosystems.779 </p>780 <p>781 In the absence of a countervailing force, the proliferation of chains would naturally lead to increased fragmentation and the siloing of ecosystems. Crosschain protocols directly address this problem by enabling interoperation across distinct chains.782 </p>783 <p>784 The growth and adoption of such protocols over the last couple of years have been astounding. The total value locked in token bridges on Ethereum alone, which only offers a partial picture of the scale of adoption of such protocols, reached a high of US$27B in late 2021.785 </p>786 <p>787 The flip side to this rapid growth and adoption has been the slew of high-profile hacks and failures of these protocols. Between 2021 and 2022, more than788 <a>789 US$2.5B was stolen in bridge hacks790 </a>791 , which is more than two-thirds of all DeFI hacks in that period.792 </p>793 <p>794 To this end, this document provides a high-level systematic overview of the security risks in crosschain protocols by identifying, classifying, and analyzing the risk elements inherent in the design, implementation, and operation of such infrastructure. In addition, it offers a set of risk controls and best practices to mitigate the likelihood and severity of risks.795 </p>796 <p>797 While this document is still a work in progress, its ultimate objective is to enable progress toward more secure, robust, and decentralized crosschain protocols that can serve as solid foundations for a multichain future. We highly encourage contributions and feedback from the community towards this end.798 </p>799 <h2 id="types-of-crosschain-interaction">800 Types of Crosschain Interaction801 </h2>802 <p>803 Broadly defined, crosschain protocols enable the exchange of data and value across chains through one of the following three types of interactions:804 </p>805 <h4 id="asset-exchange">806 Asset Exchange807 </h4>808 <p>809 Asset Exchange involves coordinating the transfer of ownership of an asset in one810 <a>811 network812 </a>813 with a corresponding transfer of ownership in another. This enables two or more parties to swap assets across networks under pre-agreed exchange terms.814 </p>815 <h4 id="asset-transfer">816 Asset Transfer817 </h4>818 <p>819 Asset Transfer involves moving the value of an asset from a source ledger to a destination ledger. It enables assets in one network to be used inside applications in another.820 </p>821 <h4 id="general-purpose-messaging">822 General-purpose Messaging823 </h4>824 <p>825 General-purpose messaging refers to the communication of any data across chains. It can enable asset exchanges and transfers but also orchestrate complex application behavior across chains for a broad range of use cases.826 </p>827 <h2 id="stakeholders">828 Stakeholders829 </h2>830 <p>831 Crosschain protocols can have several distinct stakeholders with direct or indirect involvement in the system. These stakeholders can be individuals, groups, or organizations and have different roles, constraints, goals, and incentives.832 </p>833 <h4 id="users">834 Users835 </h4>836 <p>837 Users are the primary customers of the service offered by a crosschain protocol. They interact with the system directly to exchange assets or transfer data and value across chains.838 </p>839 <h4 id="liquidity-providers">840 Liquidity Providers841 </h4>842 <p>843 In a crosschain asset exchange, a844 <em>845 liquidity provider846 </em>847 is the counter-party to a user.848 </p>849 <h4 id="bridge-wrapped-token-holders">850 Bridge-wrapped Token Holders851 </h4>852 <p>853 A common approach to enabling the transfer of assets from one chain to another is through a lock-and-mint mechanism, in which crosschain protocols lock assets on one network and mint corresponding synthetic assets on another.854 <em>855 bridge token holder856 </em>857 . A858 <em>859 bridge token holder860 </em>861 might or might not be a user of a crosschain protocol.862 </p>863 <h4 id="bridge-validators">864 Bridge Validators865 </h4>866 <p>867 Crosschain protocols typically coordinate several off-chain systems and actors that collectively ensure the integrity of state communication across chains.868 <em>869 bridge validators870 </em>871 are the primary entities that ensure the security and continued operation of a crosschain protocol and thus represent a significant source of potential risk to the overall system.872 </p>873 <h4 id="bridge-operators">874 Bridge Operators875 </h4>876 <p>877 <em>878 Bridge operators879 </em>880 are actors that can update or reconfigure key elements of a crosschain protocol (e.g., upgrading on-chain smart contracts, updating validator registries, or moving contract funds). How many bridge operators a protocol has, what they are allowed to change and what policies govern their actions can significantly influence the risk profile of a protocol and varies considerably across projects.881 </p>882 <h4 id="bridge-developers">883 Bridge Developers884 </h4>885 <p>886 <em>887 Bridge developers888 </em>889 design, build, test, and maintain the codebase behind a crosschain protocol.890 <a>891 implementation risk892 </a>893 .894 </p>895 <p>896 In addition to the direct stakeholders discussed above, crosschain protocols also have indirect stakeholders. These entities have interest in or influence over the security and efficacy of crosschain protocols, even though they might not directly interact with them.897 </p>898 <ul>899 <li>900 <p>901 Blockchain Network Participants: Recent bridge hacks have shown how failures in crosschain protocols can cause significant disruptions and halts of the underlying blockchains, impacting all network participants.902 </p>903 </li>904 <li>905 <p>906 Crosschain Applications: Applications built atop crosschain protocols have independent economic value that could influence the security of the underlying bridge. In addition, they have their own stakeholders that are impacted by the operations of the crosschain protocol.907 </p>908 </li>909 <li>910 <p>911 Bridge Protocol Investors: Investors of bridge protocols can directly or indirectly influence the operations and security of a protocol. For instance, the security guarantees of Proof-of-Stake bridges depend on the value of the bridge tokens staked.912 </p>913 </li>914 </ul>915 <p>916 For brevity, the rest of this document primarily focuses only on direct stakeholders of crosschain protocols.917 </p>918 <h2 id="security-risks">919 Security Risks920 </h2>921 <p>922 At its essence, crosschain communication creates a dependency relationship between two or more networks.923 <em>924 unidirectional925 </em>926 or927 <em>928 bidirectional929 </em>930 ,931 <em>932 transient933 </em>934 or935 <em>936 persistent937 </em>938 .939 </p>940 <ol>941 <li>942 Only states that are valid and final in the source network are communicated to the destination network943 </li>944 <li>945 All relevant state transitions in the source network are relayed to the destination network in a timely manner946 </li>947 <li>948 Any invariants that emerge from the crosschain interactions are preserved949 </li>950 </ol>951 <p>952 This document primarily discusses and assesses the risk of crosschain protocols by considering factors that affect these core security requirements.953 </p>954 <!-- END INCLUDE -->955 <hr>956 <div class="md-source-file">957 <small>958 Last update:959 <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date">960 October 13, 2023961 </span>962 <br>963 Created:964 <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date">965 October 13, 2023966 </span>967 </small>968 </div>969 </article>970 </div>971 </div>972 </main>973 <footer class="md-footer">974 <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset">975 <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid">976 <div class="md-copyright">977 Made with978 <a rel="noopener" target="_blank">979 Material for MkDocs980 </a>981 </div>982 </div>983 </div>984 </footer>985 </div>986 <div class="md-dialog" data-md-component="dialog">987 <div class="md-dialog__inner md-typeset">988 </div>989 </div>990 </body>991</html>992