DJCheng/embedding_data

1{"query": "What of most species are resistant cells that can survive harsh conditions?", "pos": "What develops into embryos inside seeds, from which the next sporophyte generation grows?", "neg": "Active and passive forms of what enable the body to resist damage from pathogens?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}2{"query": "Potassium is a soft, silvery metal that ignites explosively in what?", "pos": "What is produced when hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are ignited?", "neg": "Exemplified by cesium, which ignites spontaneously in air, pure elements with a high metallic character tend to be very what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}3{"query": "What type of bonds do alkanes only contain?", "pos": "Alkynes are what type of compound?", "neg": "What kind of bonds does boron form rather than metallic lattices?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}4{"query": "What gland secretes its products directly into the urethra through several small ducts", "pos": "What tube carries urine out of the body?", "neg": "What is secreted before ejaculation to neutralize acidic urine remaining in the urethra?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}5{"query": "Tropical, temperate, continental, and polar are all examples of what?", "pos": "Terrestrial biomes are determined mainly by what?", "neg": "Mollusks, annelids, and arthropods are considered what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}6{"query": "What type of diseases in humans are caused by protozoa?", "pos": "Which type of diseases do antibiotics treat?", "neg": "How many processes contribute to the emergence of viral diseases?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}7{"query": "The strength of what depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions it produces when dissolved in water?", "pos": "The enzyme pepsin works only in the presence of what?", "neg": "What does lattice energy of an ionic solid measure the strength of?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}8{"query": "Where are most of the organs contained in insects?", "pos": "Where are more of an insect's internal organs kept?", "neg": "Where do the majority of arthropods live?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}9{"query": "When the monocilia are defective, what is disrupted?", "pos": "Hormones send what through your body?", "neg": "Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}10{"query": "What leads to the buildup of electric charges on objects?", "pos": "What process refers to a separation of charge within an atom or molecule?", "neg": "What is a buildup of electric charges on objects?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}11{"query": "Where does an object gain or lose it's energy to during travel through a potential difference?", "pos": "An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of what?", "neg": "What does increased temperature do to a substance's kinetic energy?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}12{"query": "What sort of digestion do animals engage in?", "pos": "What type of fertilization do most reptiles have?", "neg": "When animals get rid of their gaseous waste, what is exhaled through their mouth and nose?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}13{"query": "What celestial body in the solar system makes up most of its total mass?", "pos": "What is the largest body in the solar system?", "neg": "What is the largest planet in the solar system?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}14{"query": "Neutron stars are the corpses of left over what?", "pos": "The core of a star collapses during what event, forming a neutron star?", "neg": "What is the decayed remains of living organisms called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}15{"query": "An antigen is a molecule that reacts with some component of the what response?", "pos": "Recognition of pathogens is a function of what type of response?", "neg": "Activated macrophages and neutrophils discharge what that signals molecules that enhance an immune response?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}16{"query": "Mollusks, annelids, and arthropods are considered what?", "pos": "Animal-like protists are called what?", "neg": "Kangaroos, koalas, and opossums are examples of what type of mammals?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}17{"query": "In vertebrates, a system of what structures attached to the endoskeleton enables movement?", "pos": "What move the body by contracting against the skeleton?", "neg": "The vertebrate endoskeleton can also be called what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}18{"query": "Different colors of light differ in terms of which important attribute?", "pos": "Visible light has what that can be detected by the human eye?", "neg": "What does the precise pattern of a crystal depend on?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}19{"query": "As distance from the source increases, the area covered by the sound waves increases, lessening what?", "pos": "What is measured by the intensity of the sound waves?", "neg": "What is damaged in the inner ear by loud sounds that cause hearing loss?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}20{"query": "What organelles are known as the energy \"powerhouses\" of the cells?", "pos": "Called the powerhouses of the cell, what organelles are the site of cellular energy production?", "neg": "In a cell cycle, what kind of regulator molecules allow advancement to the next stage?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}21{"query": "In physics, what is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter?", "pos": "What is the average kinetic energy of particles of matter?", "neg": "The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of a system’s atoms and molecules is called what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}22{"query": "Many ceramics are composed of what, which are salts containing anions composed of silicon and oxygen?", "pos": "What is the largest mineral group, comprising over 90% of earth's crust?", "neg": "What type of ions do ionic compounds contain?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}23{"query": "What gland is located at the base of the brain and secretes the hormone melatonin?", "pos": "What is a primary source of the hormone melatonin?", "neg": "When is melatonin secreted?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}24{"query": "What are compounds with the same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms called?", "pos": "What are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties called?", "neg": "All alkanes are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and have similar bonds, structures, and formulas; noncyclic alkanes all have a formula of cnh2n+2. the number of carbon atoms present in an alkane has what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}25{"query": "What occurs when the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen?", "pos": "What occurs when the immune system attacks harmless substances that enter the body from the outside?", "neg": "This bodily defense function attacks pathogens and includes inflammatory response and phagocytosis?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}26{"query": "Sexual reproduction involves the production of haploid gametes by what?", "pos": "What is the type of cell division that produces gametes?", "neg": "Most reptiles reproduce sexually and have what type of fertilization?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}27{"query": "What type of tissue transports water and minerals in a vascular plant?", "pos": "What type of plant tissue transports water and dissolved mineral upward to the leaves?", "neg": "Which outermost secondary xylem layers transport water?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}28{"query": "When pumping blood, the hearts of animals with very long necks must overcome what force?", "pos": "What force pulls objects toward the center of the earth?", "neg": "What involuntary muscle is found only in the heart?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}29{"query": "Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, fractures, and sprains are problems affecting what system?", "pos": "Fractures, osteoarthritis, and rickets are problems of which body system?", "neg": "Which pollution can cause lung cancer and can also make asthma and other diseases worse?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}30{"query": "What can radioactive strontium replace in the human body making it dangerous?", "pos": "Lack of what mineral causes rickets?", "neg": "What serious sti can damage the heart, brain and other organs or even cause death, if untreated?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}31{"query": "Hundreds of organelles called myofibrils, made up of two types of protein filaments, are contained in each fiber of what?", "pos": "Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth are the three types of what cells and possess morphologies correlated with their functions?", "neg": "What structure is a larger assembly of several polypeptide chains that are now referred to as subunits of the protein?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}32{"query": "Renal plasma flow equals the blood flow per minute times the what?", "pos": "The volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute is called what?", "neg": "A flow of one coulomb per second is called one ampere, which is a measure of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}33{"query": "What is formed when humid air near the ground cools below its dew point?", "pos": "What is formed when water vapor in the air condenses into tiny droplets?", "neg": "When the air temperature reaches the dew point, water vapor starts to do what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}34{"query": "The process of photosynthesis ultimately gets powered by what kind of energy?", "pos": "Photosynthesis involves reactions that are dependent on what?", "neg": "What does photosynthesis allow plants to generate?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}35{"query": "What kind of rock forms when material such as gravel, sand, silt or clay is compacted and cemented together?", "pos": "What type of rocks form from sediments that are cemented and compacted?", "neg": "What is a rock exposed to if it's undergoing metamorphism?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}36{"query": "Mammals generally lack a cloaca and have a separate opening for the what?", "pos": "What term describes the long tube that connects the mouth to the anus?", "neg": "How is a mammal developed if not inside of a placenta or a pouch?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}37{"query": "Light from a distant galaxy can travel different paths to the earth because it is bent around an intermediary galaxy by what?", "pos": "Astronomers have wondered if the universe is expanding fast enough to escape the pull of what?", "neg": "The distance that light can travel in a year is known as what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}38{"query": "What is a small, relatively simple single-celled organism called?", "pos": "What are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus called?", "neg": "What is the smallest volcanic landform that is formed from accumulation of many small fragments of ejected material?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}39{"query": "Innate behaviors occur in all animals. however, they are less common in species with higher levels of what?", "pos": "What type of behavior occurs naturally in all animals of a given species?", "neg": "Circadian rhythms and migration are examples of what kind of behaviors in animals?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}40{"query": "What type of seeds come from plants that were traditionally grown in human populations, as opposed to the seeds used for large-scale agricultural production?", "pos": "What is the term for vascular plants that reproduce with seeds?", "neg": "What are the only plants with a life cycle in which the gametophyte generation is dominant?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}41{"query": "What organism is at the top of the energy pyramid?", "pos": "What is the name for a heterotroph that eats only or mainly animal foods?", "neg": "What is the ultimate source of energy for all life on earth?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}42{"query": "What is the term for a dynamic equilibrium that is maintained in body tissues and organs?", "pos": "What is the name of the process that refers to the balance or equilibrium within the cell or a body?", "neg": "What is responsible for our sense of balance?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}43{"query": "The earliest cells were called what?", "pos": "What were the first living things to evolve on earth?", "neg": "In humans, what is the first organ to form and become functional?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}44{"query": "About how full is the outer energy level in metalloids?", "pos": "Full siblings share how many genes with each other?", "neg": "How metalloids behave in chemical interactions with other elements depends mainly on the number of what, in the outer energy level of their atoms?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}45{"query": "In autosomal dominant inheritance only one \"affected\" what is necessary to result in an \"affected\" phenotype?", "pos": "Each organism inherits one of what item for each gene from each parent?", "neg": "What happens to the recessive traits in the offspring of a hybridization?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}46{"query": "What is a hydrocarbon in which there are only single covalent bonds?", "pos": "Hydrocarbons in which all carbons are connected by single bonds are called?", "neg": "What hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbon atoms?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}47{"query": "What is the smallest particle of an element that still has the element’s properties?", "pos": "What is the smallest unit of matter that still maintains it's properties of being an element?", "neg": "What are the smallest type of blood vessel?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}48{"query": "What  prepares the body for fight or flight during emergencies?", "pos": "What triggers the fight-or-flight response?", "neg": "The skin plays an important role in preventing the escape of what commonly found liquid from the body?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}49{"query": "Which carbohydrates can be classified in terms of chain length?", "pos": "Name the 2 types of carbohydrates?", "neg": "What long molecules are composed of chains of units called monomers?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}50{"query": "Energy often changes between potential and what other kind of energy?", "pos": "Helicopter pilots can recover from piloting errors by decreasing altitude, turning some of their potential energy into what kind of energy?", "neg": "Loss of energy is the reason that what typically has few levels?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}51{"query": "What is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and muscles?", "pos": "The pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon maintain glucose homeostasis by tightly regulating the synthesis and breakdown of what?", "neg": "The kidneys work with the urinary system to remove what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}52{"query": "What is an electrically neutral compound with positive and negative ions?", "pos": "What kind of compounds contain positively and negatively charged ions in a ratio that results in an overall charge of zero?", "neg": "Sodium and chloride ions have equal but what charges?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}53{"query": "All of the planets rotate on their axes in the same direction that they move around the sun, except for which one?", "pos": "Which is the largest planet in our solar system?", "neg": "The planets orbit around what celestial body?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}54{"query": "Most body fluids that you release from your body contain chemicals that kill pathogens. for example, mucus, sweat, tears, and saliva contain enzymes called?", "pos": "Which antibacterial protein is found in tears and saliva?", "neg": "This bodily defense function attacks pathogens and includes inflammatory response and phagocytosis?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}55{"query": "What are named for their “spiny skin”?", "pos": "What types of living beings have water vascular systems and unique tube feet?", "neg": "Many species secrete a hard external skeleton of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}56{"query": "What happens to a tectonic plate when it subducts?", "pos": "The subducting oceanic plate does what as it reenters the mantle?", "neg": "What is formed when a subducting plate flows under another tectonic plate?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}57{"query": "The three layers of protective coverings of the spinal cord is called what?", "pos": "What is the term for the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain?", "neg": "What supports and protects the soft organs of the body?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}58{"query": "Elements with magic numbers of what tend to have more stable isotopes?", "pos": "Isotopes are named for their number of ______ plus neutrons?", "neg": "Original atoms are called what type of isotopes?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}59{"query": "At what time of the year can tornadoes occur?", "pos": "At what point can nutrients enter or exit an ecosystem?", "neg": "What monthy cycle causes changes in the ovaries and uterus?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}60{"query": "What is the source of precipitation?", "pos": "A major disturbance in what results in an episode of severe weather called a storm?", "neg": "What is precipitation that flows over the surface of the land?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}61{"query": "What are liverworts with a flattened, ribbon-like body called?", "pos": "Which type of bryophytes are named for their horn-like sporophytes?", "neg": "The elements are arranged in rows, each representing the filling of what shell?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}62{"query": "What is the upper-most atmosphere known as?", "pos": "What is the name of the layer above the mesosphere?", "neg": "What is the second highest mountain in the world, at over 28,000 feet?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}63{"query": "What was the early study of chemistry called?", "pos": "What is the study of the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions called?", "neg": "What is the study of the chemical elements necessary for plant growth called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}64{"query": "What occurs if oxygen cannot be obtained at a sufficient rate?", "pos": "What do you call cellular respiration that does not need oxygen to proceed?", "neg": "What happens if a catalyst runs out?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}65{"query": "Oils are liquid lipids that plants use to store what?", "pos": "Oils are liquid lipids that plants use for storage of what?", "neg": "Most lipids in your diet should be what type, found mainly in plant sources and also in fish?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}66{"query": "Velocity is a vector that has both direction and what?", "pos": "Displacement is a vector quantity, which means it has both direction and what else?", "neg": "Momentum is a vector quantity that has the same direction as what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}67{"query": "Which two gases make up the bulk of earth's atmosphere?", "pos": "What are the two major atmospheric gases?", "neg": "What fuels provide most of the energy used worldwide?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}68{"query": "Newly formed what aggregates into threads that form the framework of the clot?", "pos": "Connective tissues typically have three characteristic components in common: cells, large amounts of amorphous ground substance, and what else?", "neg": "Groups of related organs form what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}69{"query": "What are the primary causes of bone fractures?", "pos": "What usually causes fractures on a bone?", "neg": "What are most stis caused by?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}70{"query": "Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship that has what effect on both species involved?", "pos": "Mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species that has what effect on both of them?", "neg": "Organisms interact with each other and what else?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}71{"query": "Radon (rn) is a radioactive gas formed by the decay of naturally occurring uranium in rocks such as granite. it tends to collect in the basements of houses and poses a significant health risk if present in indoor air. many states now require that houses be tested for radon before they are what?", "pos": "Magnetite crystals of different ages and on different continents pointed to different spots. the simplest explanation is that the continents have done what?", "neg": "What laws regulate radiation doses to which people can be exposed?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}72{"query": "What branch of science aims to understand all about our planet and its environments?", "pos": "What science includes many fields of science related to our home planet?", "neg": "Physical science can be defined as the study of matter and what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}73{"query": "What type of creature is a scallop?", "pos": "Snails, scallops, and squids are what type of invertebrate?", "neg": "The colloquial term \"ribbon worm\" refers to the mostly marine species of what phylum?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}74{"query": "What is the name of the outer part of the adrenal gland located above the kidneys?", "pos": "The thalamus acts as a gateway to and from what?", "neg": "The two adrenal glands are glands located just above the what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}75{"query": "What is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned?", "pos": "Burning fossil fuels produces air pollution and what?", "neg": "When fossil fuel is burned the chemical energy is converted into what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}76{"query": "What substance do the leaves of plants take in from the environment?", "pos": "Plants and algae maintain the atmosphere. during photosynthesis, they add oxygen and remove what?", "neg": "Fungi absorb nutrients from the environment through what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}77{"query": "What does increased temperature do to a substance's kinetic energy?", "pos": "As temperature increases, the solubility of the majority of solid substances does what?", "neg": "In what type of process does heat flow into its surroundings and cause an increase in kinetic energy?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}78{"query": "This knocks electrons from atoms and turns them into ions?", "pos": "Shielding should be used when receiving x-rays to limit exposure to what potentially harmful form of energy?", "neg": "What are electrons lost during the formation of ions called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}79{"query": "Which part of the earth is made of the rigid, brittle, solid crust and uppermost mantle?", "pos": "Located above the stratosphere, what layer is the place where meteors burn up?", "neg": "Which crust lies deep inside the ocean?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}80{"query": "Fission is a method of what type of reproduction exhibited by some planarians?", "pos": "Budding and fission in annelids are examples of what type of reproduction?", "neg": "Pieces of the cell break off and form a new cell in what type of reproduction that produces genetically identical organisms?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}81{"query": "The energy a chemical reaction needs to get started is called what kind of energy?", "pos": "What type of energy is required in all chemical reactions?", "neg": "Energy that is released when a chemical reaction takes place is known as what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}82{"query": "What occurs when hot magma transforms rock that it contacts?", "pos": "When a rock is altered by heat from a nearby magma, what occurs?", "neg": "Metamorphic rocks form when an existing rock is changed by heat or what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}83{"query": "A redox reaction rearranges what subatomic particles?", "pos": "Ions can be formed when atoms lose what other particles?", "neg": "What do atoms make by rearranging their chemical bonds in a reactant?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}84{"query": "What prohibits knocking out genes?", "pos": "What limits the growth or development of an organism, population, or process?", "neg": "Natural selection cannot create new variations in organisms - these new variations must be created by what, which are usually associated with some sort of abnormality?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}85{"query": "What combines with rain to form acid rain?", "pos": "Acid rain is corrosive rain caused by rainwater falling to the ground through which gas?", "neg": "What causes acid rain?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}86{"query": "The two main types of phagocytic cells in the mammalian body are neutrophils and what other?", "pos": "Macrophages and dendritic cells are types of what\"", "neg": "What makes up most of  biological tissues?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}87{"query": "In science, what process produces evidence that helps answer questions and solve problems?", "pos": "What methods allow scientists to add to scientific knowledge and gain a better understanding of the world?", "neg": "What is the term for the application of science to solve problems?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}88{"query": "What is the comparison of two factors within a population?", "pos": "Which measure shows how individuals in a population are distributed, or spread throughout their area?", "neg": "Skin color is controlled by genes but also influenced by exposure to what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}89{"query": "After spermatids form, they move where to mature into sperm?", "pos": "Where are sperm produced in the process of spermatogenesis?", "neg": "Where are free-living roundworms mainly found?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}90{"query": "Hydroelectric power harnesses the energy of what?", "pos": "Hydropower is generated with what natural resource?", "neg": "Water is allowed to flow downhill into a large turbine to harness power. what helps the turbine spin?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}91{"query": "What is the term for a symbiotic relationship in which the parasite benefits while the host is harmed?", "pos": "What would you call a relationship where the bacteria benefit and and the other organism is harmed?", "neg": "Both flukes and tapeworms are parasites with what kind of host?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}92{"query": "Alkenes react with what to form dihalides?", "pos": "Neon, krypton and argon are examples of what kind of gases, which produce light by electroluminescence?", "neg": "Alkenes can react with what to form alcohols?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}93{"query": "Which type of double bond has a sigma bond and a pi bond?", "pos": "What type of bond forms by unpaired electrons from two atoms \"matching up\"?", "neg": "What is a molecule made up of two subunits?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}94{"query": "The marsupial embryo is nourished inside the uterus with food from a yolk sac instead of through a what?", "pos": "A yolk sac replaces what structure for nourishing a marsupial embryo?", "neg": "Mammals that lay eggs are called what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}95{"query": "What shapes, supports, and protects the cell?", "pos": "What gives the plant cell strength and protection?", "neg": "The cell wall acts as an extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and prevents what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}96{"query": "The body's second line of defense against pathogens includes which response?", "pos": "What is the second line of defense?", "neg": "What system is responsible for defending your body against sickness?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}97{"query": "What is the color of mercury(ii) oxide?", "pos": "What is the color of mercury oxide?", "neg": "What is the latin name for mercury?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}98{"query": "What is a force that opposes motion?", "pos": "What is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching?", "neg": "This calcification prevents diffusion of nutrients into the matrix, resulting in what dying and the opening up of cavities in the diaphysis cartilage?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}99{"query": "What specific part of the brain regulates the endocrine system?", "pos": "What part of the brain regulates certain hormones associated with reproduction during breeding seasons?", "neg": "Where can neurohormones act within the body?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}100{"query": "What are the devices placed in electric circuits where charge can build up, which store energy when charged and release it when they discharge?", "pos": "What is the ratio of charge on a capacitor to potential difference across it called?", "neg": "What is a buildup of electric charges on objects?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}101{"query": "Animals that molt their exoskeletons belong to which clade?", "pos": "Echinoderms are marine organisms that make up which phylum?", "neg": "What class of animals have four limbs and produce amniotic eggs?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}102{"query": "There are about 50,000 vertebrate species, and they are placed in how many different classes?", "pos": "Of the nine classes of vertebrates, how many are fish?", "neg": "In addition to five classes of fish, what other classes make up the species of vertebrates?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}103{"query": "In physics, _______ is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object?", "pos": "In physics, what is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter?", "neg": "The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of a system’s atoms and molecules is called what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}104{"query": "What kind of lakes form when volcanic eruptions create massive holes that fill with water?", "pos": "What do craters and rifts become when they fill with water?", "neg": "What kind of volcanic eruptions are less deadly?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}105{"query": "What is energy from the sun called?", "pos": "What renewable energy source converts energy from the sunlight into electricity?", "neg": "Through what form of energy transfer does the sun's energy travel?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}106{"query": "What is the term for a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside the other?", "pos": "What's the term for a relationship between two organisms where at least one benefits?", "neg": "What term refers to something supplied by nature that helps support life?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}107{"query": "Nearly all of what are constructed from a set of just 20 common amino acids?", "pos": "Proteins include 20 common types of what compounds?", "neg": "The sun, stars, moon, planets and comets are all type of what objects?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}108{"query": "Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose what?", "pos": "Gain or loss of what causes an atom to become a negatively or positively charged ion?", "neg": "What happens to energy when an atom gains an electron?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}109{"query": "Emphysema is a chronic disease caused by the breakdown of the what tissue?", "pos": "What is the second most common type of cancer in both men and women?", "neg": "What is the most common cause of cancer?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}110{"query": "What is the final stage of aerobic respiration, when energy from the krebs cycle is transferred to atp?", "pos": "What is the process in which cells break down glucose, release the stored energy, and use it to make atp", "neg": "What cycle completes the breakdown of glucose begun in glycolysis?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}111{"query": "A plant that forms special tissues for storing water in an arid climate is an example of the plant evolving what?", "pos": "Living things evolve what characteristics that make them better suited for their environment?", "neg": "Desert plants have special stems and leaves to conserve what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}112{"query": "In which organs does gas exchange take place between blood and air?", "pos": "What is the organ in which gas exchanges take place between blood and air?", "neg": "Besides the inner membrane, where are many respiratory enzymes found?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}113{"query": "Yeasts are single-celled fungi. about 1,000 species are recognized, but the most common species is saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is used in this?", "pos": "Why do beer brewers add yeast to the wort?", "neg": "Within each sporangium, hundreds of what kind of spores develop and are dispersed through the air?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}114{"query": "The hydration of what is what makes many alcohols?", "pos": "What is formed from an alcohol that loses water?", "neg": "What do industries use water to generate?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}115{"query": "Terrestrial arthropods generally have internal surfaces specialized for what?", "pos": "What is needed to provide cells with the oxygen they need for cellular respiration?", "neg": "On insects, what are the openings on the sides of the abdomen that allows respiration to occur?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}116{"query": "Plants, fungi, bacteria and archaea cells all have what feature that keeps them rigid that animal cells do not have?", "pos": "Unlike the cells of plants and fungi, animal cells lack what?", "neg": "Skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells share what property, which is not shared by smooth muscle cells?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}117{"query": "What kind of system do echinoderms possess?", "pos": "Segmented worms have a digestive,nervous and what type of system?", "neg": "What are living echinoderms divided into five of?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}118{"query": "At equilibrium reactants and what are equally abundant?", "pos": "Stoichiometric coefficients are used in chemical equations to indicate the amounts of reactants and what?", "neg": "What is a group of similar ecosystems with the same general abiotic factors and primary producers?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}119{"query": "What are the largest phylum in the animal kingdom?", "pos": "In addition to insects, what large invertebrate phylum includes animals such as spiders, centipedes, and lobsters?", "neg": "What is the highest taxon in the classification of living things?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}120{"query": "Interactions between plants and other organisms result in cycling of chemical nutrients within what?", "pos": "The community of all of the living and nonliving parts of an environment is known as what?", "neg": "What forms the pathway of water and nutrients from roots to leaves and flower?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}121{"query": "Weight is a measure of what force pulling down on an object?", "pos": "What is the force that pulls downward on an object and is measured by weight?", "neg": "The force applied to an object is called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}122{"query": "What are plastids that contain other pigments?", "pos": "What plastid makes and stores other pigments?", "neg": "There are two basic body plans in cnidarians which are called the polyp and what else?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}123{"query": "What is the name of the muscle that contracts to cause the joint to straighten?", "pos": "The movement of bone away from the midline of the body is called what?", "neg": "What term is used to describe muscle fibers that allows muscles to contract?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}124{"query": "What type of young do scorpions produce?", "pos": "Dragonflies were one of the first insects to do what?", "neg": "Most reptiles lay what kind of eggs?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}125{"query": "What type of orbitals do electrons in successive atoms on the periodic table tend to fill first?", "pos": "What kind of energy positions do electrons occupy during ground state?", "neg": "Which orbitals do electrons fill first?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}126{"query": "Which planet is the kuiper belt closest to?", "pos": "Which is the largest planet in our solar system?", "neg": "What is the name of the second most electronegative element?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}127{"query": "What part of the brain is attached to the brain stem but considered a separate region of the adult brain?", "pos": "What part of the brain lies under the cerebrum and behind the brain stem?", "neg": "Where is the most significant connection between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}128{"query": "When warm air rises up to the tropopause, where does it flow?", "pos": "What are the earth's two poles called?", "neg": "Where in the lungs does gas exchange between the air and blood takes place?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}129{"query": "What is formed when water vapor in the air condenses into tiny droplets?", "pos": "What is formed when humid air near the ground cools below its dew point?", "neg": "Light is scattered from what in our atmosphere?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}130{"query": "Which has more electrons, neon or fluorine?", "pos": "Which particle of an atom has a positive electric charge?", "neg": "Are valence electrons attracted more or less strongly when they are farther from the nucleus?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}131{"query": "The primary hormones derived from lipids are what?", "pos": "Sterols are a subgroup of what?", "neg": "What elements do lipids primarily consist of?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}132{"query": "While normal light microscopes can magnify objects up to about 1,500 times, what advanced instruments can magnify objects up to 1,000,000 times?", "pos": "What instrument has a resolution many times greater than a light microscope, and can be used to see the details on the outside of a cell?", "neg": "What is the largest human organ?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}133{"query": "What organs have tiny tubes leading to and from elastic air sacs that improve airflow and oxygen uptake?", "pos": "In which organs does gas exchange take place between blood and air?", "neg": "Besides the inner membrane, where are many respiratory enzymes found?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}134{"query": "What type of eggs do fully terrestrial vertebrates carry?", "pos": "Most reptiles lay what kind of eggs?", "neg": "What class of animals have four limbs and produce amniotic eggs?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}135{"query": "What kind of bonds does boron form rather than metallic lattices?", "pos": "Nonmetal structures contain what type of bonds?", "neg": "Electrons in covalent compounds are shared between the two atoms, unlike the case in what type of bonds?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}136{"query": "Neurons are classified based on the direction in which they carry what?", "pos": "Axons pass what on to other cells?", "neg": "How many directions can ions flow along the axon?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}137{"query": "What is it called when crystals form from magma?", "pos": "What is formed when hot lava cools?", "neg": "What is the term for magma that erupts onto earth's surface?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}138{"query": "Scientists utilize what natural process to teach cranes born in captivity to migrate along safe routes?", "pos": "What is the attachment of ducklings to their mother an example of?", "neg": "Ecologists already use the abilities of many prokaryotes to carry out bioremediation of soils and what else?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}139{"query": "What do you call a change in the dna or rna sequence?", "pos": "A change in the sequence of bases in dna or rna is called a what?", "neg": "The rate of evolution is influenced by the rate of changes to what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}140{"query": "How many large eggs are generated during oogenesis?", "pos": "In animals, how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have?", "neg": "Where do the eggs develop?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}141{"query": "What type of cancer can the use of tanning beds lead to?", "pos": "The risk of what is raised by overexposure to the sun?", "neg": "How do cancer cells typically spread from one part of the body to another?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}142{"query": "Branching food chains and complex trophic interactions form what?", "pos": "Food chains and what describe the transfer of energy within an ecosystem, from one organism to another?", "neg": "In an environment, symbiosis, competition, and relying on other organisms for food are examples of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}143{"query": "The force exerted by a diving board is conservative, provided the internal friction is this?", "pos": "What type of role does cartilage play in the human skeleton?", "neg": "Weight is a measure of what force pulling down on an object?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}144{"query": "What is a rock exposed to if it's undergoing metamorphism?", "pos": "Metamorphic rocks form when an existing rock is changed by heat or what?", "neg": "What changes from heat or pressure during metamorphism?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}145{"query": "Superconductors expel a magnetic field from their interior. what is this phenomenon known as?", "pos": "The creation of a voltage across a current-carrying conductor by a magnetic field is known as what?", "neg": "What is the magnetic field traditionally referred to as?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}146{"query": "Both oxygen and glucose are transported within the body via what?", "pos": "The lungs perform gas exchange using air and what fluid, which is coming and going from the heart?", "neg": "How is oxygen transferred into the bloodstream?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}147{"query": "An aquifer is an underground layer of rock that is saturated with what?", "pos": "When the ground absorbs the water and it settles below the surface it is called what?", "neg": "What are oil in folded layers of rock called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}148{"query": "What do we call scientists who study and forecast the weather?", "pos": "What are scientists called who study the weather and give forecasts?", "neg": "Pharmacist and surveyor are two career options based in what type of science?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}149{"query": "How can you prevent food allergy symptoms?", "pos": "What is the only way to completely avoid stis?", "neg": "Most of these bacterial illnesses can be prevented with proper cooking of food and washing what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}150{"query": "What does the cell cycle do?", "pos": "What is the multi-phase process in which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides?", "neg": "What stages in the life of a cell does the cell cycle include?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}151{"query": "What term means the force of attraction that holds together oppositely charged ions?", "pos": "What is the force of attraction that holds together positive and negative ions?", "neg": "Cations are attracted to anions, which are ions with what charge?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}152{"query": "What measurement is used to describe the amount of water vapor in the air?", "pos": "What is water vapor density known as?", "neg": "What is the measure of water potential?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}153{"query": "The purpose of scientific investigations generally is to test a what?", "pos": "Scientists ask questions, and then make detailed observations to try to ask more specific questions, in order to develop what?", "neg": "Physical science is defined as the study of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}154{"query": "What is another term for body chromosomes?", "pos": "In humans, each set of chromosomes contains 22 of these and 1 sex chromosome?", "neg": "In certain populations, some of the chromosomes have become what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}155{"query": "What is the term for evolution over geologic time above the level of the species?", "pos": "What is evolution that occurs over a long period of time called?", "neg": "Human evolution shows that evolutionary changes typically occur at what pace?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}156{"query": "What term is used to describe birds that hunt, eat mammals, and other birds?", "pos": "What is the term for animals that eat producers to get energy?", "neg": "What are organisms called, like the red-winged blackbird, that eat many different types of food?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}157{"query": "The converging of continental plates can form what kind of geological feature?", "pos": "What forms when oceanic crust subducts into the mantle at convergent plate boundaries?", "neg": "A convergent plate boundary is created when two plates do what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}158{"query": "The process where eroded material is dropped somewhere is called?", "pos": "What occurs where the water motion slows?", "neg": "Abrasion is a process of what type of weathering?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}159{"query": "Cell communication that occurs over short distances is known as what?", "pos": "Cells in a biofilm secrete what to recruit nearby cells?", "neg": "Within a bud, what is spaced close together because the internodes are very short?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}160{"query": "Is wind power renewable or non renewable?", "pos": "What type of resource is water power?", "neg": "What effect is caused by air moving over the earth's surface as it spins?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}161{"query": "What is in danger of happening when thick magma is formed?", "pos": "When magma reaches the surface through cracks in the earth's crust, what occurs?", "neg": "What changes from heat or pressure during metamorphism?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}162{"query": "What is the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on earth, numbering in the millions of trillions?", "pos": "What are the most successful organisms on earth?", "neg": "Where do you find the greatest biodiversity?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}163{"query": "The ability for a plasma membrane to only allow certain molecules in or out of the cell is referred to as what?", "pos": "What term means that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity or charge are capable of passing through the material?", "neg": "Regulated by guard cells, stomata allow what to enter and exit the plant?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}164{"query": "What gas produced by fossil fuel use is a major cause of global warming?", "pos": "Which gas is responsible for global warming?", "neg": "What do increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the air do to the earth's temperature?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}165{"query": "What is the name for the male gamete?", "pos": "What are the male gametes called?", "neg": "What is a germ cell that divides into gametocytes during gametogenesis?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}166{"query": "What model of the atom features an electron orbiting a nucleus, forming a closed-current loop and producing a magnetic field with a north pole and a south pole?.", "pos": "Which atomic model shows that the distances of electrons from the nucleus is not a fixed value?", "neg": "What model postulates that electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energy levels?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}167{"query": "The primary function of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by what process?", "pos": "The process by which leaves collect sunlight and make food is called this?", "neg": "Light reactions occur during which stage of photosynthesis?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}168{"query": "Antibiotics can be used to fight what, in general?", "pos": "What are most stis caused by?", "neg": "Bacteria may become untreatable if they develop what in response to multiple antibiotics?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}169{"query": "Opportunistic diseases are usually the direct cause of death of people with what disease?", "pos": "What serious sti can damage the heart, brain and other organs or even cause death, if untreated?", "neg": "What are most protist diseases in humans caused by?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}170{"query": "The cochlea and vestibul make up what part of the ear?", "pos": "Most terrestrial vertebrates have what type of lungs?", "neg": "The parts of the ears involved in balance are called what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}171{"query": "Excretion is the process of removing excess water and wastes from the body. what are the main organs of excretion?", "pos": "Which organ in the human body filters blood and excretes urine?", "neg": "What do the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas contribute that aid in digestion?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}172{"query": "What is the major cause of chronic respiratory disease as well as cardiovascular disease and cancer?", "pos": "What is the most significant cause of respiratory disease as well as cardiovascular disease and cancer?", "neg": "What is the most common cause of cancer?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}173{"query": "What includes the living organisms in an area and the non-living aspects of the environment?", "pos": "All of the living things in an area and the nonliving environment together make up what?", "neg": "If environmental conditions deteriorate, many species can form protective what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}174{"query": "What are the most common roundworm parasites of people in the u. s.?", "pos": "What are insect parasites transmitted sexually?", "neg": "Where are free-living roundworms mainly found?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}175{"query": "What type of compounds can form crystals?", "pos": "What kind of compounds contain positively and negatively charged ions in a ratio that results in an overall charge of zero?", "neg": "What are the ice crystals that form on the ground called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}176{"query": "Lysosomes have what type of enzymes that break down old molecules into parts that can be recycled?", "pos": "What system is designed to facilitate the transformation of food matter into the nutrient components that sustain organisms?", "neg": "Some metabolic pathways release what by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}177{"query": "Where does the earth gets its energy from?", "pos": "Where does most of the earth's energy come from?", "neg": "The energy for an ecosystem can come from sunlight or _________?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}178{"query": "Liquefaction ccurs when the molecules of a gas are cooled to the point where they no longer possess sufficient kinetic energy to overcome what?", "pos": "What forces in liquids are strong enough to keep them from expanding significantly when heated?", "neg": "What occurs when water lost by transpiration is not replaced by absorbtion from room?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}179{"query": "What do you call the fast-moving air currents high in the troposphere?", "pos": "The direction of prevailing winds determines the type of what that usually moves over an area?", "neg": "Does warm air sit above or below cooler air in the troposphere?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}180{"query": "What is the stored food in a seed called?", "pos": "The white fluffy part of popcorn is also what?", "neg": "Where is the food supply and embryo stored in a seed?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}181{"query": "What is generated when a heart ventricle contracts?", "pos": "What is altered by changes in cardiac output by variable contriction of the arterioles?", "neg": "When the ventricles begin to contract, pressure within the ventricles rises and blood flows toward the area of lowest pressure, which is initially in the atria. this backflow causes the cusps of the tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) valves to close. these valves are tied down to the papillary muscles by these?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}182{"query": "What is the joint where the pelvic girdle and leg come together?", "pos": "The articular cartilage is thickest in the upper and back part of the acetabulum, the socket portion of what?", "neg": "Name the fibrous joint in which two parallel bones are united to each other by fibrous connective tissue.", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}183{"query": "What is an alloy of copper and tin?", "pos": "What is an alloy of both tin and copper?", "neg": "The formation of an amalgam allows the metal to react with what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}184{"query": "What is the largest human organ?", "pos": "What is the largest organ of the human body?", "neg": "What is the largest mammal on earth?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}185{"query": "What type of energy occurs by splitting the nuclei of radioactive uranium?", "pos": "What kind of energy is released when the nucleus of an atom is split?", "neg": "How does the nucleus divide during nuclear fission?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}186{"query": "The number, size, shape, and banding pattern of chromosomes make them easily identifiable in a what?", "pos": "The number, size, shape, and banding pattern of chromosomes make them easily identifiable in a karyogram and allow for the assessment of many chromosomal", "neg": "What functional units of chromosomes determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}187{"query": "Remember electrons are negatively charged, so ions with a positive charge have lost what?", "pos": "Because atoms are always electrically neutral, for each added proton, one of what is also added?", "neg": "What do electrons lose during their transfer from organic compounds to oxygen?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}188{"query": "What is the term for coiled structures made of dna and proteins?", "pos": "What do we call coiled structures made of dna and proteins?", "neg": "Dna transcription is controlled by what type of proteins?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}189{"query": "What is the single bone that forms the posterior skull and posterior base of the cranial cavity?", "pos": "What is the term for the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain?", "neg": "Name the fibrous joint in which two parallel bones are united to each other by fibrous connective tissue.", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}190{"query": "Mollusks are probably most closely related to organisms in the phylum annelida , also known as what?", "pos": "What are are segmented invertebrates in phylum annelida called?", "neg": "Mammals belong to which class of vertebrates?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}191{"query": "What, now former, planet is small, icy, and rocky?", "pos": "Which planet is the kuiper belt closest to?", "neg": "What is the smallest volcanic landform that is formed from accumulation of many small fragments of ejected material?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}192{"query": "Why are the stems of many xerophytes fleshy?", "pos": "How do most growing plant cells expand?", "neg": "Why is the root cap continuously replaced in plants?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}193{"query": "During metamorphosis, most salamander species go through what aquatic stage on the way to becoming adults?", "pos": "What developmental stage do alligators lack that most other amphibians have?", "neg": "What type of fertilization usually occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm are released into the water?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}194{"query": "What determines which type of precipitation falls in the atmosphere?", "pos": "Different clouds are associated with different types of what?", "neg": "What is precipitation that flows over the surface of the land?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}195{"query": "What speeds up the reactions of chemical digestion?", "pos": "What can be used to speed up biochemical reactions?", "neg": "Each enzyme has an optimal what at which its reaction rate is greatest?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}196{"query": "What types of energy is released during a chemical reaction?", "pos": "What type of reactions are chemical reactions that release energy?", "neg": "How is energy expressed when it is released in a chemical reaction?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}197{"query": "The vertebrate endoskeleton can also be called what?", "pos": "A skeleton that consists of hard, mineralized structures located within the soft tissue of organisms is called what?", "neg": "In vertebrates, a system of what structures attached to the endoskeleton enables movement?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}198{"query": "What is the name for the transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are touching?", "pos": "What do you call the transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are touching?", "neg": "What is the transfer of thermal energy between substances called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}199{"query": "Fish have a circulatory system with a two-chambered what?", "pos": "Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward what?", "neg": "Which part of a fish helps them breathe?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}200{"query": "What is the study of ecosystems?", "pos": "What is the study of how living organisms interact with each other and with their environment?", "neg": "Ecosystem dynamics include more than the flow of energy and recycling of matter. ecosystems are also dynamic because they?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}201{"query": "What is the term for the change in temperature with distance?", "pos": "What is the common measure of how hot or cold something is?", "neg": "The speed of a particle in what state is directly proportional to the temperature of the system?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}202{"query": "Which measure indicates the number of electrons in a given sublevel?", "pos": "If only one atom of a specific type is present what is not used?", "neg": "In an atom, what is determined by electron distribution in shells?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}203{"query": "The average number of individuals per unit of area or volume is referred to as a population's what?", "pos": "What is the average number of individuals per unit of area or volume called?", "neg": "The  populations that live in the same area form this?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}204{"query": "What are these examples of: a person riding a carousel and a skydiver in free fall?", "pos": "An object undergoing circular motion experiences centripetal what?", "neg": "What are the two layers of the skin?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}205{"query": "Both fats and oils are made up of long chains of carbon atoms that are bonded together. what are these chains called?", "pos": "What type of fatty acids have bent chains?", "neg": "What kind of bonds are there between carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}206{"query": "Volcano chains form as an oceanic plate moves over what?", "pos": "What warms the base of the mantle creating convection currents there?", "neg": "What happens to old oceanic crust at convergent boundaries?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}207{"query": "What occurs between long warm climate periods?", "pos": "What is the term for a period when temperatures are cooler than normal causing glaciers to spread to lower latitudes?", "neg": "What has increased in the atmosphere throughout the history of the earth?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}208{"query": "An atom is the smallest unit of what that maintains the identity of the latter?", "pos": "What is a pure substance that cannot be separated into any other substances called?", "neg": "What type of cells are the smallest of all human cells?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}209{"query": "What term describes weathering that occurs as water expands when it freezes, wedging apart rock?", "pos": "What type of weathering breaks rock into smaller pieces?", "neg": "What is the term for a natural situation which arises to physically divide organisms?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}210{"query": "What kind of scientists measure percentages of sand, silt, and clay?", "pos": "What kind of scientist is concerned with facets of geomorphology, topography, vegetation, and climate?", "neg": "Pharmacist and surveyor are two career options based in what type of science?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}211{"query": "Hydrocarbons are made up of carbon and what else?", "pos": "Saturated hydrocarbons get their name because they are saturated with what atoms?", "neg": "What is the main source of hydrocarbons?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}212{"query": "What type of pollutants enter the air directly?", "pos": "What are two basic types of pollutants in the air?", "neg": "What is caused by human actions that releases chemical substances and particles into the air?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}213{"query": "What type of muscle makes up most of the heart?", "pos": "What muscle is found only in the walls of the heart?", "neg": "How many chambers does a mammalian heart have?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}214{"query": "Which body part helps roundworm prevent their body from expanding?", "pos": "What is the waxy substance that epidermal cells secrete?", "neg": "Which organ has a thick mucus lining that protects the underlying tissue from the action of the digestive juices?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}215{"query": "What is a group of similar ecosystems with the same general abiotic factors and primary producers?", "pos": "What is a group of similar ecosystems with the same general abiotic factors and primary producers called?", "neg": "What kind of relationship exists between living things that depend on the same resources?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}216{"query": "Deserts and forests are examples of what type of biome?", "pos": "Tropical rainforest, temperate grassland, and tundra are examples of what type of biomes?", "neg": "How are aquatic biomes often classified?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}217{"query": "Chemical changes occur because of what?", "pos": "What changes the chemical composition of a substance and can only occur through a chemical reaction?", "neg": "Melting ice cubes and freezing water are examples of change of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}218{"query": "What consists of two or more elements and forms as a result of a chemical reaction?", "pos": "What refers to a substance made from two or more elements joined by chemical bonds?", "neg": "The formation of an amalgam allows the metal to react with what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}219{"query": "The wave on a guitar string is transverse. the sound wave rattles a sheet of paper in a direction that shows the sound wave is what?", "pos": "The waves on the strings of musical instruments are transverse—so are electromagnetic waves, such as visible light. sound waves in air and water are this?", "neg": "Changing the frequency of sound waves, will change the _________ of the sound of a musical instrument?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}220{"query": "Prosimians are thought to be more similar to the earliest of these?", "pos": "What type of mammals are characterized by detailed development of the hands and feet, a shortened snout, and a large brain?", "neg": "Colonial organisms were probably one of the first evolutionary steps towards which type of organisms?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}221{"query": "In response to changing environmental conditions, prokaryotic populations can undergo what process in short periods of time?", "pos": "Sudden changes in geologic and climatic conditions can spur what process?", "neg": "Ecologists already use the abilities of many prokaryotes to carry out bioremediation of soils and what else?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}222{"query": "What type of plant tissue transports water and dissolved mineral upward to the leaves?", "pos": "What type of tissue transports water and minerals in a vascular plant?", "neg": "Regulated by guard cells, stomata allow what to enter and exit the plant?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}223{"query": "What concept can be applied to biology, because the structure of an organism, or part of an organism, depends on its function?", "pos": "Size is a general feature of cell structure that relates to?", "neg": "In humans and other multicellular organisms, different types of what basic structures are specialized for specific jobs?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}224{"query": "The shape of a virus is determined by the type and arrangement of proteins in its what?", "pos": "What encloses the genetic material of the virus?", "neg": "What does the structure of a protein start with?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}225{"query": "Which is one of the most complicated parts of gene regulation in eukaryotic cells?", "pos": "Regulatory proteins bind to regulatory elements to control what?", "neg": "The regulation of gene expression is extremely important during the development of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}226{"query": "Two kinds of sex hormones are of particular importance in females: progesterone, which prepares the uterus for pregnancy and prevents the further release of eggs from the ovaries during pregnancy, and the estrogens, which are mainly responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development and increased deposition of this?", "pos": "What does bile help to digest ?", "neg": "The ovaries produce estradiol and progesterone, which cause secondary sex characteristics and prepare the body for?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}227{"query": "What characteristic of reptile eggs allows them to be laid on land instead of in water?", "pos": "Most reptile eggs can be laid on land, not in water and they are called what?", "neg": "Laid on dry land by reptiles, amniotic eggs have what that prevents them from drying out?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}228{"query": "What is the theory scientists use to explain the matter in the universe and how it's held together?", "pos": "What do scientists use to help explain objects or systems in simpler ways?", "neg": "The attraction between all objects in the universe is known as ______.", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}229{"query": "What involuntary muscle is found only in the heart?", "pos": "What muscle is found only in the walls of the heart?", "neg": "The force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels or upon the chambers of the heart is known as blood what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}230{"query": "The bones of the skull are connected by what type of joints?", "pos": "The joints that are between the bones that make up the skull are what kind of joints?", "neg": "The skull consists of cranial bones and what other type of bones?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}231{"query": "What do animals observe in others to help solve problems?", "pos": "What is the term for any way that an animal interacts with other animals or the environment?", "neg": "What is given off from plants and taken in by animals?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}232{"query": "Net production efficiency allows ecologists to quantify how efficiently organisms of a particular what incorporate the energy they receive into biomass?", "pos": "A problem with using food chains to describe ecosystems is that some organisms can feed on or be consumed by species from more than one of what level?", "neg": "Where do producers in an ecosystem generally get their energy from?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}233{"query": "Corals build hard exoskeletons that grow to become what?", "pos": "Although they look like big rocks, what structures that serve as habitats for many different types of ocean life are actually alive?", "neg": "A skeleton that consists of hard, mineralized structures located within the soft tissue of organisms is called what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}234{"query": "What do you call a simple machine consisting of a sloping surface that connects lower and higher elevations?", "pos": "A ramp is an example of what?", "neg": "What is the name for a simple machine that consists of two inclined planes?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}235{"query": "Radar maps of venus show that it has mountains, canyons and volcanoes surrounded by plains of what?", "pos": "What is the term for magma that erupts onto earth's surface?", "neg": "Weather maps show storms, air masses, and what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}236{"query": "What waves are the broad range of electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies?", "pos": "What are electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths called?", "neg": "Which of the electromagnetic waves have the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}237{"query": "What are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules?", "pos": "What are complex organic molecules that make up cells?", "neg": "What is the most abundant type of biological entity on the earth?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}238{"query": "What are chemical bonds between atoms of nonmetals that share valence electrons called?", "pos": "What do atoms form by sharing valence electrons?", "neg": "What kind of bonds does boron form rather than metallic lattices?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}239{"query": "The db gene encodes the which receptor?", "pos": "The sequence of bases in a gene translates to the sequence of what protein components?", "neg": "Dna transcription is controlled by what type of proteins?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}240{"query": "What do chemical reactions  need to be activated?", "pos": "Chemical reactions either require or release what?", "neg": "What do organisms need to speed up biochemical reactions?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}241{"query": "What are animals that live with tiny zooxanthellae that also photosynthesize?", "pos": "What is the foundation species of coral reef ecosystems?", "neg": "Animals need plants for food and?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}242{"query": "What are groups of atoms that behave as a single unit called?", "pos": "What term is used for any combination of two or more atoms?", "neg": "What do you call elements that contain only atoms of one type of element?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}243{"query": "The atomic number is the same as the number of what in an atom?", "pos": "All atoms of the same element have the same number of what?", "neg": "All matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. all atoms of an element are identical in mass and this?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}244{"query": "What do halogens require electrons to achieve?", "pos": "All elements are most stable when their outermost shell is filled with electrons according to which rule?", "neg": "What are needed to oxidize the noble gases to form compounds in positive oxidation states?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}245{"query": "What element is an essential part of many molecules needed by living organisms?", "pos": "What element is essential for amino acid and nucleic acid production?", "neg": "What type of compound is essential to life?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}246{"query": "Rising air currents carry water vapor into what?", "pos": "Where do greenhouse gases trap heat?", "neg": "When warm air rises up to the tropopause, where does it flow?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}247{"query": "Abundant in unpolluted ponds and streams, planarians prey on smaller animals or feed on?", "pos": "What type of organisms do carnivores feed on?", "neg": "In the freshwater flatworms, protonephridia serve chiefly in what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}248{"query": "What forces the fetus out of the uterus?", "pos": "What helps push the fetus from the uterus during birth?", "neg": "During birth, a baby passes from the uterus through what organ to leave the body?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}249{"query": "The mild oxidation of thiols gives compounds called what?", "pos": "What are metals and good electrical conductors that tend to lose their valence electrons in chemical reactions called?", "neg": "Breaking of weak bonds, which tend to form between positive and negative charges, does not require much what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}250{"query": "The inside surface of the jejunum is covered with tiny projections called what?", "pos": "What is the small intestine lined with that helps with nutrient absorption?", "neg": "In prokaryotes, what are the regions called that repressors bind to?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}251{"query": "The diversity of life on earth today is the result of what?", "pos": "What process of gradual change is the source of diversity of life on earth?", "neg": "The enormous number of species is due to the tremendous variety of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}252{"query": "Sugars are simple types of what biochemical compounds and possess relatively small molecules?", "pos": "Biochemical compounds that include sugars, starches, and cellulose are examples of what?", "neg": "Glucose, fructose, and other sugars that have six carbons are called what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}253{"query": "Regardless of the mode, light is modeled as traveling in straight lines called what?", "pos": "The entire range of light that can be seen by the human eye without aid is known as what kind of light?", "neg": "What is light that has only a single wavelength called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}254{"query": "This type of tissue consists of bundles of xylem and phloem and transports fluids throughout the plant.", "pos": "What type of tissue transports water, nutrients, and food in plants?", "neg": "Which outermost secondary xylem layers transport water?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}255{"query": "The goal of proteomics is to identify or compare what substances expressed from a given genome under specific conditions, study the interactions between them, and use the information to predict cell behavior or develop drug targets?", "pos": "The challenge of techniques used for proteomic analyses is the difficulty in detecting small quantities of what?", "neg": "The scientific method is a method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}256{"query": "What part of a chromosome exists in different states of condensation at different times?", "pos": "Chromosomes consist of what material made up of strings of dna?", "neg": "Homologous chromosomes move toward what poles?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}257{"query": "Being dependent on adults for a long maturation period allows young primates ample time for what?", "pos": "Making associations between experiences is often a part of what activity?", "neg": "While most mammals give birth to live young, monotremes can do what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}258{"query": "What general property of an earthquake is used to describe its relative strength?", "pos": "What term is used describe energy released during an earthquake?", "neg": "A chemical property describes the ability of a substance to undergo a specific what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}259{"query": "When plants lose their leaves in the fall, what chemical is produced less to cause the change?", "pos": "What is the term for the green pigment in leaves that captures energy from the sun?", "neg": "What happens to the length of the days in the fall?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}260{"query": "Symptoms of viral diseases result from what kind of response to a virus?", "pos": "Recognition of pathogens is a function of what type of response?", "neg": "How many processes contribute to the emergence of viral diseases?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}261{"query": "A protective coating of zinc to prevent corrosion is applied to steel and other metals labeled what?", "pos": "Protecting the surface of metal prevents what?", "neg": "Zinc is what kind of metal.?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}262{"query": "Mycorrhizae functions as a physical barrier to what?", "pos": "Composed largely of the polysaccharide chitin, the exoskeleton provides an effective barrier defense against most what?", "neg": "Phospholipids are unable to mix with what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}263{"query": "What group of simple organisms recycles nutrients and has been on earth since long before multicellular life appeared?", "pos": "What were the first living things to evolve on earth?", "neg": "What term refers to something supplied by nature that helps support life?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}264{"query": "The sun and all objects held by it's gravity make up the?", "pos": "What do you call a system that has one or more planets orbiting one or more stars?", "neg": "Gravitational force on a large scale dominates interactions between large objects because it is always what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}265{"query": "Hybrid orbitals are formed only in which type of bonded atoms?", "pos": "What bonds form because they give atoms a more stable arrangement of electrons?", "neg": "What type of orbitals do electrons in successive atoms on the periodic table tend to fill first?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}266{"query": "What are solutions that maintain a relatively constant ph when an acid or a base is added?", "pos": "What are substances that provide hydrogen ions (h+) and lower ph?", "neg": "What kind of compounds contain positively and negatively charged ions in a ratio that results in an overall charge of zero?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}267{"query": "What type of energy is clean and does not release greenhouse gases?", "pos": "What kind of energy used heat from magma within the earth to heat homes or produce steam that turns turbines?", "neg": "What type energy sources emit fewer or no greenhouse gases?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}268{"query": "Which factor has a big impact on coastal climates?", "pos": "What carries warm or cold water throughout the world’s oceans?", "neg": "Which currents distribute heat around the planet and have a large impact on climate?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}269{"query": "What are the vertical columns of similar chemical properties on the periodic table?", "pos": "Which group of the periodic table consists of hydrogen and the alkali metals?", "neg": "In the periodic table, elements are arranged from left to right according to what property?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}270{"query": "What protein is produced when a plasma cell is stimulated by antigens?", "pos": "After an adaptive defense is produced against a pathogen, typically plasma cells first secrete immunoglobin, which constitutes about ten percent of all what?", "neg": "Dna transcription is controlled by what type of proteins?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}271{"query": "Elements involved in nuclear reactions are what?", "pos": "The actinides are all what type of elements?", "neg": "What is formed when atoms of different elements combine in a chemical reaction?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}272{"query": "Lymph capillaries collect the fluid that leaks from blood capillaries and slowly return it to what system?", "pos": "The lymphatic system helps return fluid that leaks from the blood vessels back to what system?", "neg": "Which cells continue the digestion and absorption of nutrients and transport these nutrients to the lymphatic and circulatory systems?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}273{"query": "What organelle contains the genetic material of the cell?", "pos": "What part of the cell is surrounded by a membrane and holds the genetic information for the cell?", "neg": "What part of a plant, which is attached to its stem nodes, is the \"main organ\" of photosynthesis?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}274{"query": "Electromagnetic waves vary in wavelength and in what property, which is lower in waves of longer wavelengths?", "pos": "The speed of an electromagnetic wave is the product of its wavelength and what else?", "neg": "Each type of electromagnetic radiation has a characteristic range of wavelengths. the longer the wavelength (or the more stretched out it appears), the less energy is carried. short, tight waves carry what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}275{"query": "Making a specific statement based on a general principle is the definition of what type of reasoning?", "pos": "In hypothesis-based science, specific results are predicted from a general premise, which is called what type of reasoning that proceeds from general to particular?", "neg": "There are a series of rules for naming branched alkanes (and, ultimately, for all organic compounds). these rules make up the system of nomenclature for naming what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}276{"query": "What (nh3) is one of the few thermodynamically stable binary compounds of nitrogen with a nonmetal?", "pos": "What is the colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor used in smelling salts?", "neg": "What kind of bonds does boron form rather than metallic lattices?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}277{"query": "What amazing machines smash particles that are smaller than atoms into each other head-on?", "pos": "What machines have scientist built to smash particles that are smaller than atoms into each other head-on?", "neg": "What is the process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}278{"query": "An unknown genotype can be determined by observing what, the term for characteristics of the resulting offspring?", "pos": "Probability can be used to predict the chance of gametes and offspring having certain what?", "neg": "How many alleles comes from each parent?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}279{"query": "What usually causes fractures on a bone?", "pos": "What are the primary causes of bone fractures?", "neg": "What are most protist diseases in humans caused by?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}280{"query": "Which latitudes get the most energy from the sun?", "pos": "In which area does conduction mainly happen?", "neg": "Energy from sunlight enters many ecosystems through what process?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}281{"query": "The amniotic egg first evolved in what species?", "pos": "Modern members of what broad animal group live in many different habitats and are found on every continent except antarctica?", "neg": "What type of eggs do fully terrestrial vertebrates carry?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}282{"query": "What are the \"levels\" in a food chain or web called?", "pos": "Different feeding \"positions\" in a food chain or web are associated with what kinds of levels?", "neg": "The length that an object has travelled in one or multiple directions can also be called what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}283{"query": "In which period of the periodic table is nickel found?", "pos": "How many valence electrons does carbon have?", "neg": "Which group of metals in the periodic table include elements such as sodium and potassium?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}284{"query": "In science, what is a bit of information that is true?", "pos": "What are all scientific explanations and interpretations based on?", "neg": "What can be hard or even impossible to perform in a scientific sense?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}285{"query": "Plants not only contribute food but what else for organisms?", "pos": "What is given off from plants and taken in by animals?", "neg": "Green plants known as producers provide basic food supply for what besides themselves?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}286{"query": "What is it called when two waves in the same medium pass one another?", "pos": "What occurs when waves interact with other waves?", "neg": "Amplitude describes what about the wave's crest and trough?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}287{"query": "What do the planets orbit around in the solar system?", "pos": "The planets orbit around what celestial body?", "neg": "What is the shape of the orbits that planets make around the sun?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}288{"query": "What still causes fatal lung disease in nonsmokers?", "pos": "What is the leading cause of lung cancer?", "neg": "Cancer develops when what process is unregulated?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}289{"query": "To measure what changes that occur in chemical reactions, chemists usually use a related thermodynamic quantity, calledenthalpy?", "pos": "In an endothermic reaction, what is absorbed by the reaction?", "neg": "What enthalpy change is observed in an exothermic reaction?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}290{"query": "What is denoted by the number above the chemical symbol of each element in a modern periodic table?", "pos": "In the periodic table, elements are arranged from left to right according to what property?", "neg": "What are the vertical columns of similar chemical properties on the periodic table?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}291{"query": "What is the measure of kinetic energy of the particles in matter?", "pos": "What is the average kinetic energy of particles of matter?", "neg": "The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of a system’s atoms and molecules is called what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}292{"query": "Chloroplasts are present only in cells of eukaryotes capable of what process?", "pos": "Plant-like protists are autotrophs capable of what process?", "neg": "What do eukaryotic cells have that compartmentalize their functions?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}293{"query": "What is the color of mercury oxide?", "pos": "What is the color of mercury(ii) oxide?", "neg": "What is the latin name for mercury?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}294{"query": "What is the name for substances with a ph above 7?", "pos": "Water is the solvent in solutions called acids and?", "neg": "What's the name for the point reached at a ph of 7?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}295{"query": "What forms when there is a difference in temperature between the land and the air?", "pos": "What is formed when humid air near the ground cools below its dew point?", "neg": "What happens to growth of plants and bacteria in warmer regions?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}296{"query": "During protein synthesis, ribosomes assemble what into proteins?", "pos": "What are the \"building blocks\" of proteins?", "neg": "Dna transcription is controlled by what type of proteins?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}297{"query": "Phosphate groups are found within phospholipids and what else?", "pos": "The four major classes of biological macromolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and what else?", "neg": "A phospholipid is a bond between the glycerol component of a lipid and what else?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}298{"query": "What kind of gland produces an oily substance that waterproofs the hair and skin?", "pos": "What does the sebaceous gland secrete which waterproofs the skin and hair?", "neg": "Oils are liquid lipids that plants use to store what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}299{"query": "When your body digests food, it breaks down the molecules of nutrients and releases what?", "pos": "Some metabolic pathways release what by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds?", "neg": "What does the stomach produce to help digest food?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}300{"query": "What type of reactions are chemical reactions that release energy?", "pos": "In what type of process does heat flow into its surroundings and cause an increase in kinetic energy?", "neg": "How is energy expressed when it is released in a chemical reaction?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}301{"query": "The cells of all eukarya have a what?", "pos": "Along with other organelles, all eukaryotic cells possess what structure?", "neg": "What do all cells have in common?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}302{"query": "Deleting or inserting a nitrogen base causes what?", "pos": "A change in the sequence of bases in dna or rna is called a what?", "neg": "During the condensation reaction of sugars what is removed, linking the two sugars?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}303{"query": "What do carnivores eat?", "pos": "What type of organisms do carnivores feed on?", "neg": "What do herbivores eat?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}304{"query": "Water leaves ponds and lakes through evaporation and also as what?", "pos": "Water moving up the plane and evaporating from the leaves is a process known as what?", "neg": "What results from the evaporation of sea water?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}305{"query": "What do people use from aquifers from springs or wells?", "pos": "Where do most amphibians live, salt water or fresh water?", "neg": "What do industries use water to generate?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}306{"query": "Which law relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas?", "pos": "What law shows the relationships among temperature, volume, and pressure?", "neg": "The combined gas law involves three properties of a gas - volume, absolute temperature, and what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}307{"query": "Amino acids are made by which kind of plastid?", "pos": "What are plastids that contain other pigments?", "neg": "Amino acids contain both a carboxylic acid group and what other group?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}308{"query": "How do plants and algae both make food?", "pos": "Algae are similar to plants in that they both produce their food through what process?", "neg": "What traits do the sponge and tarantula share?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}309{"query": "Bony fish can live in either of what type of aquatic biome?", "pos": "A lake is an example of what type of biome?", "neg": "Lacking a bony endoskeleton, sharks, rays, and ratfish belong to what group of fish?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}310{"query": "What does oil do when mixed with water?", "pos": "In many cases, the alkali metal amide salt (mnh2) is not very soluble in liquid ammonia and does what?", "neg": "What occurs when two nonpolar liquids are mixed?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}311{"query": "What natural resource can be damaged by the accumulation of too much salt?", "pos": "What resource is considered nonrewable for human purposes, because it takes so long to form and is depleted by farming and other activities?", "neg": "Overharvesting is a serious threat particularly to which species?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}312{"query": "What single-celled organism can be either a predator, decomposer, herbivore, or parasite in the food chain?", "pos": "What is the term for animal-like protists that are usually single-celled?", "neg": "What organism is the most disruptive towards the diversity of other species?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}313{"query": "Which theory is the idea that the characteristics of living organisms are controlled by genes, which are passed from parents to their offspring?", "pos": "Which theory states that the characteristics of living things are controlled by genes?", "neg": "Skin color is controlled by genes but also influenced by exposure to what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}314{"query": "What do we call the major artery carrying recently oxygenated blood away from the heart?", "pos": "What is the main artery of the systematic circulation called?", "neg": "The force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels or upon the chambers of the heart is known as blood what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}315{"query": "The single circular dna chromosome of bacteria is not enclosed in what, but instead occupies a specific location called the nucleoid within the cell?", "pos": "In eukaryotic cells, where is the dna kept?", "neg": "Fungi are no longer classified as what, possessing cell walls made of chitin rather than cellulose?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}316{"query": "Amides are carbonyls attached to one nitrogen atom and one carbon or which other atom?", "pos": "Saturated hydrocarbons get their name because they are saturated with what atoms?", "neg": "What consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to some combination of carbons and hydrogens?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}317{"query": "What is used to report the results of scientific measurements?", "pos": "What are all of the digits that can be known with certainty in a measurement plus an estimatied last digit called?", "neg": "In science, what do we call a mathematical relationship that exists between observations under a given set of conditions?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}318{"query": "Rich in protein and nutrients, what abundant group of organisms is being touted as an important human dietary source?", "pos": "What group of animals are the largest arthropods?", "neg": "Most lipids in your diet should be what type, found mainly in plant sources and also in fish?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}319{"query": "In the vast majority of ectopic pregnancies, the embryo does not complete its journey to what organ, and instead implants in the uterine tube?", "pos": "The zygote undergoes many cell divisions before it implants in the lining of what?", "neg": "What refers to the development and nourishment of an embryo within the mother’s body but not inside an egg?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}320{"query": "Acid rain may be caused by what?", "pos": "What causes acid rain?", "neg": "What combines with rain to form acid rain?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}321{"query": "What kind of material that might otherwise go to a landfill can serve as the source of biomass power?", "pos": "Biomass can also be processed to make what kind of fuel?", "neg": "The process of photosynthesis ultimately gets powered by what kind of energy?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}322{"query": "What has high surface tension because of extensive hydrogen bonding?", "pos": "Compared to others, what type of liquid has a relatively high surface tension and heat capacity?", "neg": "What can water's high surface tension be attributed t?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}323{"query": "Light is produced when charged particles do what, frequently in the form of oscillating?", "pos": "An object undergoing circular motion experiences centripetal what?", "neg": "The sun and many other light sources produce waves that are randomly this?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}324{"query": "The motion of stars in galaxies imply that there is about 10 times as much what as in the luminous objects we can see?", "pos": "What term describes the amount of material present in an object?", "neg": "What make distant objects appear both nearer and larger?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}325{"query": "When does coal release most of its energy?", "pos": "During what period on earth was coal formed?", "neg": "In what part of the carbon cycle does carbon move between living things and the air?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}326{"query": "Mammals that lay eggs are called what?", "pos": "What's another term for egg-laying mammals?", "neg": "Most reptiles lay what kind of eggs?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}327{"query": "What term given to animals like reptiles is a synonym for ectothermic, which means that their heat comes from their environment?", "pos": "Metabolism produces waste energy in the form of heat, which helps what type of animal conserve and maintain heat at a relatively constant body temperature?", "neg": "Because their embryos are surrounded by a thin membrane, reptiles are considered what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}328{"query": "An example of irreversible denaturation of what substance occurs to the liquid albumin when an egg is fried?", "pos": "Translation is the process of ordering the amino acids in the assembly of a?", "neg": "Cytoplasmic determinants are distributed how in unfertilized eggs?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}329{"query": "Speed takes distance and what else into account?", "pos": "Electrical energy consumed can be expressed as the product of power multiplied by what else?", "neg": "What can be calculated given the mass and speed of an object?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}330{"query": "What is the process called in which living things produce offspring?", "pos": "What term is used to describe the process by which organisms give rise to offspring?", "neg": "Most reptiles reproduce sexually and have what type of fertilization?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}331{"query": "What type of gas is produced by alcoholic fermentation of the glucose in corn or other plants?", "pos": "What is type of sugar is produced through photosynthesis?", "neg": "In alcoholic fermentation , which acid changes to alcohol and carbon dioxide?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}332{"query": "What's the term for the period during which women's ovaries stop producing eggs?", "pos": "At what time of life does menopause occur?", "neg": "After fertilization is complete, no other sperm can enter. the fertilized ovule forms the seed, whereas the tissues of the ovary become this?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}333{"query": "What is the foundation species of coral reef ecosystems?", "pos": "What are animals that live with tiny zooxanthellae that also photosynthesize?", "neg": "What do corals secrete that builds up to become a coral reef?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}334{"query": "Kepler's laws relate to the motion of what?", "pos": "Europa and titan are names of what kind of celestial objects?", "neg": "What do the planets orbit around in the solar system?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}335{"query": "What is the second class of fish after ray-finned fish?", "pos": "Goldfish, tuna, salmon, perch, and cod are examples of which group of fish?", "neg": "Mammals belong to which class of vertebrates?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}336{"query": "Which is the active ingredient of cereal crop disease, ergot?", "pos": "The enzyme pepsin works only in the presence of what?", "neg": "What is cholera?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}337{"query": "Why are goose feathers preferred for stuffing by manufacturers?", "pos": "What characteristic of the endothelium structure minimizes resistance to the flow of blood?", "neg": "Why do beer brewers add yeast to the wort?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}338{"query": "What is the shorter loop of the cardiovascular system?", "pos": "Which veins return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart?", "neg": "Coronary arteries ans small in what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}339{"query": "What is the term for when clumped solids sink to the bottom of the water?", "pos": "What is the term for the small particles that rocks are worn down to by water and wind?", "neg": "Fish and other aquatic organisms use gills to capture dissolved what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}340{"query": "Often determining the strength or intensity of a wave, this term is the distance from the equilibrium point of motion to either its lowest or highest point?", "pos": "In a longitudinal wave, what term is a measure of how compressed particles of the medium become when the wave passes through?", "neg": "To figure out the height of a wave you measure the distance between the crest and what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}341{"query": "The sun, stars, moon, planets and comets are all type of what objects?", "pos": "The sun and all objects held by it's gravity make up the?", "neg": "Bar, circle, and line are all types of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}342{"query": "The rate of evolution is influenced by the rate of changes to what?", "pos": "All organisms must adapt to what in order to survive?", "neg": "Evolution occurs because of changes in what over time?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}343{"query": "Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by what?", "pos": "Strong bands of dense, regular connective tissue that connect muscles to bones are called what?", "neg": "What term is used to describe muscle fibers that allows muscles to contract?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}344{"query": "A red blood cell will swell and burst when placed in a?", "pos": "What kind of solution might cause animal cells to burst?", "neg": "In the simple cubic system, the atoms or ions are located in which part of the cell?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}345{"query": "Green cyanobacteria on a lake produce food through what process?", "pos": "Algae are similar to plants in that they both produce their food through what process?", "neg": "What type of fertilization usually occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm are released into the water?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}346{"query": "What is the name for the stratospheric gas layer that protects living things from uv radiation?", "pos": "Chlorine and bromine gases released into the atmosphere have helped damage what layer of the atmosphere?", "neg": "The innermost layer of the sun is known as what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}347{"query": "What basic plant structures generally have large surface areas and high surface-to-volume ratios?", "pos": "The arrangement of what plant structures can be classified as either alternate, spiral, or opposite?", "neg": "What cell structures are like storage centers and tend to be larger in plant cells?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}348{"query": "Wind is one method for dispersal of what, ensuring a new generation?", "pos": "A complex interactions of hormones result in an edible fruit that entices animals that help disperse what?", "neg": "What is the process by which wind blows to make the  ground surface gets lower and rockier ?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}349{"query": "Plants that live in the desert are called?", "pos": "Most vascular plants are seed plants, also known as?", "neg": "Desert plants have special stems and leaves to conserve what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}350{"query": "White blood cells called what travel to areas of the body that are inflamed?", "pos": "What type of cells make up about one quarter of all white blood cells?", "neg": "The types of white blood cells that arrive at an inflamed site depend on the nature of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}351{"query": "What membrane is populated by two types of photosystems that cooperate in the light reactions of photosynthesis?", "pos": "The light reactions take place in which membranes?", "neg": "Which type of membrane are ribosomes surrounded by?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}352{"query": "What causes high winds and monsoon storms in the desert?", "pos": "Which season is moist, causing the most thunderstorms?", "neg": "What are floods a source of on a floodplain?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}353{"query": "Where is the potential energy of a river the highest at?", "pos": "Where does the most important monsoon in the world occur?", "neg": "Where does most geologic activity take place?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}354{"query": "What state is achieved when the forward and reverse reactions proceed at equal rates?", "pos": "In a chemical reaction, the amounts of reactants and products will be constant when what state is attained?", "neg": "What do you call reversible changes that do not change matter’s chemical makeup or chemical properties?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}355{"query": "Which atomic particle has a positive charge?", "pos": "Which particle of an atom has a positive electric charge?", "neg": "What is the force of attraction between a positive metal ion and valence electrons?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}356{"query": "With codominance, both alleles are expressed equally in what?", "pos": "What produces gametes with different alleles?", "neg": "Certain characteristics are frequently inherited together because of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}357{"query": "Is the digestive tract of many sharks longer or shorter than many other vertebrates?", "pos": "Are vesicles larger or smaller than vacuoles?", "neg": "Most animals are in which clade?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}358{"query": "What energy is stored in a person or object?", "pos": "Energy that is stored in a person or object is called?", "neg": "What do body cells use for energy?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}359{"query": "What was the first antiseptic called?", "pos": "What is added to alcohol and used as an antiseptic?", "neg": "Which scientist built the first telescope?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}360{"query": "What is the most common type of muscle in the human body?", "pos": "Which type of muscle is most common in the human body?", "neg": "What is the most widely used form of renewable energy in the world?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}361{"query": "What do you call egg-shaped galaxies, which are reddish to yellowish in color because they contain mostly old stars?", "pos": "What is the name for spherical groups of old stars held tightly together by gravity?", "neg": "What type of gas are stars made up of?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}362{"query": "The thin scale-like or flat shape of what cells fits their primary function, to provide a smooth and protective surface?", "pos": "An acellular, external cuticle protects the _________.", "neg": "The cell wall acts as an extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and prevents what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}363{"query": "Some compounds form rigid frameworks called what?", "pos": "What type of solid has atoms arranged in a repeating pattern?", "neg": "Strong bands of dense, regular connective tissue that connect muscles to bones are called what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}364{"query": "What do ranchers fear will happen if wolves return?", "pos": "Why are exotic species also called invasive species?", "neg": "Animals need plants for food and?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}365{"query": "What is the study of the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions called?", "pos": "What is the study of the interaction between matter and energy called?", "neg": "What is the study of the chemical elements necessary for plant growth called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}366{"query": "What process starts with glucose and ends with two pyruvate molecules, a total of four atp molecules and two molecules of nadh?", "pos": "Which process breaks down glucose to extract energy for cell metabolism?", "neg": "What cycle completes the breakdown of glucose begun in glycolysis?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}367{"query": "How many valence electrons do neutral phosphorus atoms have?", "pos": "How many valence electrons does nitrogen have?", "neg": "What is the number of electrons equal to in every electrically neutral atom?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}368{"query": "What astronomical phenomenon is often comprised of remnants of the earliest material that formed in the solar system?", "pos": "When a meteoroid reaches earth, what is the remaining object called?", "neg": "What was the first object to form in the solar system?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}369{"query": "Most thoracic vertebrae have two facets that articulate with the head of what structure?", "pos": "The vertebrae are divided into the cervical region, the thoracic region, and which other region?", "neg": "Name the fibrous joint in which two parallel bones are united to each other by fibrous connective tissue.", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}370{"query": "Enthalpy changes are measured by using what?", "pos": "What is a device used to measure temperature changes during chemical processes called?", "neg": "What enthalpy change is observed in an exothermic reaction?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}371{"query": "What is an organic compound made up of small molecules called amino acids called?", "pos": "What is the name for biochemical compounds that consist of one or more chains of small molecules called amino acids?", "neg": "How many amino acids are arranged like \"beads on a string\" to form proteins?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}372{"query": "A single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin leads to what disease?", "pos": "What is the type of cancer in which bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells that cannot fight infections?", "neg": "What are most protist diseases in humans caused by?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}373{"query": "Isothermal expansion is a process occurring without a change in?", "pos": "Systems are in thermal equilibrium when they have the same of what measurement?", "neg": "Isobaric expansion is a process occurring without a change in what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}374{"query": "How many pathways do plants have for carbon fixation?", "pos": "How many types of major tissues do modern plants have?", "neg": "Which organisms get their energy source and carbon source from organic sources?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}375{"query": "Which group of metals in the periodic table include elements such as sodium and potassium?", "pos": "Beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium are classified as what type of metals?", "neg": "Which group of the periodic table consists of hydrogen and the alkali metals?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}376{"query": "The outer surface of the heart changes from positive to negative during what?", "pos": "In neurons, what often involves gated sodium channels?", "neg": "When cardiac muscle contracts, the heart does what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}377{"query": "Why is there very little evaporation in the boreal forests?", "pos": "Exemplified by canada and alaska, what kind of climate has cool, short summers and long, cold winters, little precipitation, and abundant conifers?", "neg": "Deserts and forests are examples of what type of biome?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}378{"query": "Gas lines should be made of what so they do not rupture?", "pos": "What secures together immovable joints and prevents them from moving?", "neg": "The first line of defense includes mechanical, chemical, and which other barrier?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}379{"query": "What type of prokaryotes live in habitats without oxygen?", "pos": "Under which conditions do many bacteria carry out alcohol fermentation?", "neg": "What are fungus-like protists?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}380{"query": "What isotope of carbon is typically used to date ancient items?", "pos": "What is the term for the use of radioactive decay to estimate the ages of fossils and rock?", "neg": "Original atoms are called what type of isotopes?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}381{"query": "Nonflowering vascular plants have how many basic types of leaves?", "pos": "How many groups of leaves does poison ivy typically have?", "neg": "Nonflowering vascular plants have three basic types of leaves: microphylls, fronds, and what other type?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}382{"query": "The cytoskeleton is a cellular \"scaffolding\" or \"skeleton\" that crisscrosses what?", "pos": "Cytokinesis divides what part of the cell into two distinctive cells?", "neg": "What is required between cytoskeleton and motor proteins for cell motility?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}383{"query": "What thin whip-like structures help prokaryotes move toward food or away from toxins?", "pos": "What are the long, thin structures that protrude from the cell membrane and help single-celled organisms move or swim towards food?", "neg": "Enzymes - proteins which speed up what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}384{"query": "A basic function of cells includes obtaining what from glucose?", "pos": "What do many cells depend on glucose for?", "neg": "Via what process do substance move from one cell to another?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}385{"query": "What occurs when light interacts with our atmosphere?", "pos": "What makes sunsets appear red?", "neg": "Light is scattered from what in our atmosphere?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}386{"query": "Multiple sclerosis, huntington’s disease, and parkinson’s disease all affect what body system?", "pos": "Neurologists are physicians who specialize in disorders of what system?", "neg": "Fractures, rickets, and osteoarthritis all affect what part(s) of the body?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}387{"query": "The neural plate undergoes a series of cell movements where it rolls up and forms a tube called what?", "pos": "What is a long, tube-shaped bundle of neurons, protected by the vertebrae?", "neg": "What is the arrangement of a t-tubule with the membranes of sr on either side called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}388{"query": "When this forms underground, volcanoes rise?", "pos": "What rises through solid rocks where conditions are right?", "neg": "When volcanoes erupt, what from the mantle is released as carbon dioxide into the air?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}389{"query": "In angiosperms, flowers and fruits are adaptations essential for what process?", "pos": "In vertebrates, ovipary, ovovivipary, and vivipary are different strategies for what vital process?", "neg": "Phytochromes regulate many plant responses to what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}390{"query": "A statement is considered what if it is open to being falsified?", "pos": "Unlike theories, which are proved true, what are often falsified?", "neg": "What is the capacity to cause change?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}391{"query": "Archaeans help break down sewage in waste treatment plants, so they fulfill what important role?", "pos": "Because fungi feed on decaying and dead matter, they play what important role by releasing essential elements into the environment?", "neg": "Ecologists already use the abilities of many prokaryotes to carry out bioremediation of soils and what else?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}392{"query": "Filter feeders, such as sponges, pump water into their body through what structures?", "pos": "In the lungs, oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli and into where?", "neg": "Fungi absorb nutrients from the environment through what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}393{"query": "What is a branded polymer that serves as energy storage in animal?", "pos": "What type of starch is used for long-term energy storage in animal cells?", "neg": "Which of the animals digest cellulose with the aid of methanogens?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}394{"query": "How can you calculate the density of matter?", "pos": "Molar mass is equal to density multiplied by what?", "neg": "What is water vapor density known as?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}395{"query": "What field of study is called the language of science?", "pos": "Which branch of science is the study of energy, matter, and their interactions?", "neg": "The word science is derived from what latin word?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}396{"query": "Vertebrates are all chordates that have a what?", "pos": "What do vertebrate chordates possess that invertebrate chordates do not?", "neg": "All chordates are deuterostomes possessing a what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}397{"query": "What are the three primary pigment colors?", "pos": "Which three colors are called the primary colors of light?", "neg": "What does the color of soil indicate?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}398{"query": "What kind of change occurs whenever matter changes into an entirely different substance with different chemical properties?", "pos": "When matter changes into an entirely different substance with different chemical properties, what has occurred?", "neg": "What kinds of rocks can change and become new types of rocks?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}399{"query": "What are the earth's two poles called?", "pos": "What are the poles labeled?", "neg": "Which water from the equator mixes with cold water from the poles?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}400{"query": "What type of vents are giant tube worms found at?", "pos": "When this forms underground, volcanoes rise?", "neg": "What group of animals are the largest arthropods?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}401{"query": "All seed plants and a few seedless vascular plants are what?", "pos": "Most vascular plants are seed plants, also known as?", "neg": "Nonflowering vascular plants have three basic types of leaves: microphylls, fronds, and what other type?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}402{"query": "Dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers than does loose connective tissue. as a consequence, it displays greater resistance to what?", "pos": "The thick tunica media allows muscular arteries to play a leading role in what?", "neg": "Composed largely of the polysaccharide chitin, the exoskeleton provides an effective barrier defense against most what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}403{"query": "What part of a bird is adapted for the food it eats?", "pos": "Evolutionary adaptation is evidenced by different shapes of what structures in birds with different food preferences?", "neg": "What does the gizzard in birds contain that allows them to grind food?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}404{"query": "The speed of a particle in what state is directly proportional to the temperature of the system?", "pos": "Air is an example of what state of matter?", "neg": "What is the term for the change in temperature with distance?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}405{"query": "During birth, a baby passes from the uterus through what organ to leave the body?", "pos": "The uterus has an external opening known as what?", "neg": "What forces the fetus out of the uterus?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}406{"query": "The amount of force applied per given area is called?", "pos": "What is defined in physics as the amount of force pushing against a given area?", "neg": "Force times distance is the equation for what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}407{"query": "Mountain ranges, plateaus, and plains are features of what large landforms?", "pos": "The creation and destruction of oceanic crust is the reason what moves?", "neg": "Soil forms where land areas are what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}408{"query": "The vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for the senses of hearing and what else?", "pos": "What is one function of the nervous system in humans?", "neg": "The basal forebrain contains what that are important in learning and memory?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}409{"query": "Distance traveled divided by time is equal to what?", "pos": "What is the measure for how fast or slow something moves?", "neg": "What is the time interval required for one complete wave to pass a point called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}410{"query": "What kind of bonds are forces of attraction between positive metal ions and the valence electrons that are constantly moving around them?", "pos": "What is the force of attraction between a positive metal ion and valence electrons?", "neg": "How are electrons shared in covalent bonds?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}411{"query": "What is the colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor used in smelling salts?", "pos": "What weak base is applied as an agricultural fertilizer in its pure form and is diluted to make a household cleanser?", "neg": "What type of gas is used to fill glass tubes of lighted signs?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}412{"query": "What type of earthquake creates a tsunami?", "pos": "What type of seismic waves do the most damage?", "neg": "What measurement of the wave is used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}413{"query": "What is the enlarged tip of the penis called?", "pos": "What is the term for the muscular duct through which sperm are propelled?", "neg": "What term is used to describe a cross between two individuals that have different traits?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}414{"query": "What delivers power to the chemical factory chloroplasts?", "pos": "What is the source of most of the energy used?", "neg": "What part of the cell in plants and algae does photosynthesis take place?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}415{"query": "What element is typically used to shield things from gamma rays?", "pos": "Radiation can be absorbed or shielded by materials, particularly what material used to make protective aprons worn by x-ray administrators?", "neg": "The first line of defense includes mechanical, chemical, and which other barrier?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}416{"query": "Increasing the temperature of n2 molecules increases what energy of motion?", "pos": "Heat expansion is a result of the increase of what type of energy, exhibited by molecules bumping together?", "neg": "Because heating results in a greater fraction of molecules having the necessary kinetic energy to escape the surface of the liquid, what occurs more quickly when liquid is heated?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}417{"query": "What is the result when two monosaccharides are bound together?", "pos": "What do you call the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides bond together?", "neg": "What occurs when spores from two parents fuse and form a zygospore?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}418{"query": "Learning to get used to something after being exposed to it for a while is associated with what kind of learning?", "pos": "What is the term for getting used to something after being consistently exposed to it?", "neg": "What type of learning is done from past experiences and reasoning?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}419{"query": "Why do hummingbirds have long narrow bills?", "pos": "The vivid colors of flowers are an adaptation designed to encourage what by animals such as insects and birds?", "neg": "Structural adaptations in flying animals often contribute to reduced what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}420{"query": "Like other bryophytes, moss plants spend most of their life cycle as what?", "pos": "Like other bryophytes, moss plants spend most of their life cycle as?", "neg": "In vascular plants, the sporophyte generation is what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}421{"query": "In chemical reactions, what substances can act like metals or nonmetals, depending on their number of electrons?", "pos": "A few elements, called what, can conduct electricity, but not as well as metals?", "neg": "What type of charge do electrons have?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}422{"query": "After ovulation occurs, the moving “fingers” of what nearby structure sweep the egg into its tube?", "pos": "What pair of tubes that extends toward the ovaries features a fringelike structure that sweeps eggs inside?", "neg": "What fertilizes an egg during sexual reproduction?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}423{"query": "Biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis work to flex what part of the body?", "pos": "The radiocarpal and midcarpal joints are responsible for all movements of the hand and what other part of the body?", "neg": "The tensor fascia latae acts as what, in relation to the gluteus medius and iliopsoas, for the purpose of flexing and abducting the thigh?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}424{"query": "Portal veins carry blood between what?", "pos": "What are the narrowest blood vessels, where oxygen is transferred into body cells?", "neg": "Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}425{"query": "What is the term for a change in an object’s motion, which occurs whenever an object is acted upon by an unbalanced force?", "pos": "An unbalanced force on an object in motion causes what?", "neg": "What term in physics refers to the use of force to move an object?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}426{"query": "What celestial body is the earth’s main source of energy?", "pos": "What is the most important source of energy on earth?", "neg": "What is our largest source of energy?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}427{"query": "What two things are used in optical instruments to reflect or refract light?", "pos": "What are made from highly reflective metal that is applied to a curved or flat piece of glass?", "neg": "What causes light to refract?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}428{"query": "Bacteria reproduce through what process, where the chromosome copies itself, forming two genetically identical copies?", "pos": "Bacteria reproduce through what process?", "neg": "While the chromosome is replicating, the cell does what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}429{"query": "Which is larger: the human sperm or the human egg?", "pos": "A sperm cell and an egg cell fuse to become what?", "neg": "How many large eggs are generated during oogenesis?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}430{"query": "Life span is distinct from what, which means the sequence of stages a plant goes through from seed germination to seed production of the mature plant?", "pos": "This series of life stages and events that a sexually reproducing organism goes through is called its what?", "neg": "Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of what life cycle?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}431{"query": "In moss, what becomes elongated to elevate the capsule to enhance spore dispersal?", "pos": "What basic plant structure facilitates dispersal of pollen and fruit by raising reproductive structures?", "neg": "What is the tiny male gametophyte enclosed in a tough capsule?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}432{"query": "Platinum and gold are useful materials for constructing circuits because of their ability to resist what?", "pos": "The electronegativity of an element increases with increasing of what state?", "neg": "What are materials that have high resistance to electric current called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}433{"query": "What is the largest class of elements?", "pos": "What category of elements are chacterized by their ability to reflect light, called luster, their high electrical and thermal conductivity, their high heat capacity, and their malleability and ductility?", "neg": "What is the most abundant biochemical compound?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}434{"query": "Most crustaceans have separate sexes, so they reproduce sexually using what?", "pos": "Flatworms reproduce sexually. in most species, the same individuals produce both what?", "neg": "Which asexual reproduction method do starfish use to reproduce?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}435{"query": "What are negative electrons attracted to?", "pos": "The name of which ion always comes first?", "neg": "Opposite charges attract and like charges do what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}436{"query": "Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward what?", "pos": "Blood vessels blood pumped by the heart flows through a series of vessels known as arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins before returning to this?", "neg": "Portal veins carry blood between what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}437{"query": "What part of the muscle fibers cause shortening and contraction?", "pos": "Each muscle fiber contains hundreds of organelles called what?", "neg": "The loss of oxygen to the heart muscle causes that part of the tissue to what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}438{"query": "How many types of galaxies are there?", "pos": "How many types of mechanical waves are there?", "neg": "What is the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on earth, numbering in the millions of trillions?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}439{"query": "What harmful light does ozone reduce in the upper atmospheres?", "pos": "What done ozone help protect against?", "neg": "What man-made substance tends to break down ozone in the stratosphere?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}440{"query": "All elements are most stable when their outermost shell is filled with electrons according to which rule?", "pos": "What do halogens require electrons to achieve?", "neg": "What type of orbitals do electrons in successive atoms on the periodic table tend to fill first?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}441{"query": "Solution nodes and antinodes are both areas of wave interference, but they differ in the presence of what condition?", "pos": "Of course, a net external force is needed to cause any acceleration, just as newton proposed in his second law of what?", "neg": "What kind of interference is observed when the paths differ by a whole wavelength, and the waves arrive in phase?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}442{"query": "Desert plants have special stems and leaves to conserve what?", "pos": "Excretory organs that conserve what essential substance help terrestrial animals to avoid desiccation?", "neg": "A plant that forms special tissues for storing water in an arid climate is an example of the plant evolving what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}443{"query": "Transport vesicles move what type of molecules from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus?", "pos": "The golgi apparatus works like a mail room by receiving and sending what?", "neg": "What are large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}444{"query": "Light reactions occur during which stage of photosynthesis?", "pos": "In what stage of photosynthesis does the calvin cycle occur?", "neg": "The two stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions and what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}445{"query": "What is the term for flowering seed plants?", "pos": "What is the term for seed plants?", "neg": "Most modern seed plants are angiosperms that produce seeds in the what of flowers?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}446{"query": "What occurs when plants release water vapor through stomata (leaf pores)?", "pos": "Water moving up the plane and evaporating from the leaves is a process known as what?", "neg": "What does photosynthesis allow plants to generate?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}447{"query": "What bonds cause water to have a high boiling point, leaving most water on earth in a liquid state rather than in a gaseous state?", "pos": "Hydrophobic interactions arise because water molecules engage in what type of bonding with other water molecules?", "neg": "What affects the boiling point of water?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}448{"query": "An electormagnet is a piece of iron inside a?", "pos": "What current-carrying long coil of wire acts as a magnet?", "neg": "The electron beam scans the surface of the sample, usually coated with a thin film of which metal?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}449{"query": "What describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell?", "pos": "The type of vesicle transport that moves a substance out of the cell is called?", "neg": "How many different ways can molecules pass through a phospholipid membrane?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}450{"query": "Why do mangrove trees rise high above the water? which characteristic help them to do so?", "pos": "The older parts of what structures anchor the plant and transport water and solutes between the soil and shoots?", "neg": "What causes maple leaves to change their colors?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}451{"query": "Chlorophyll is used in what food-making process that plants carry out?", "pos": "The primary function of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by what process?", "neg": "Green plants known as producers provide basic food supply for what besides themselves?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}452{"query": "What proteins synthesized in cells act as catalysts?", "pos": "What substances serve as catalysts in most of the biochemical reactions that take place in organisms?", "neg": "In a cell cycle, what kind of regulator molecules allow advancement to the next stage?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}453{"query": "What is the reproductive part of the plant?", "pos": "For fertilization to occur in angiosperms, pollen has to be transferred to the stigma of what?", "neg": "By what process does the haploid gametophyte produce the gametes?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}454{"query": "What occurs when an unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle and energy?", "pos": "What occurs when an unstable nucleus emits a beta particle and energy?", "neg": "Nuclear changes occur with a simultaneous release of what, and a slight drop in mass?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}455{"query": "Which bones are flat and triangular and located at the back of the pectoral girdle?", "pos": "Compared to thoracic and lumbar types, the cervical type of what structures carry the least amount of body weight?", "neg": "Birds have light-weight bones that are filled with what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}456{"query": "The great astronomer edwin hubble discovered that all distant galaxies are receding from our milky way galaxy with velocities proportional to their what?", "pos": "The length that an object has travelled in one or multiple directions can also be called what?", "neg": "Light from a distant galaxy can travel different paths to the earth because it is bent around an intermediary galaxy by what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}457{"query": "Where does evidence that magnetic reversals occur come from?", "pos": "Surprisingly, where would you find the earth’s tallest mountains and deepest canyons?", "neg": "Magnetic force is always perpendicular to what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}458{"query": "What part of the cell in plants and algae does photosynthesis take place?", "pos": "In plants and algae where does photosynthesis takes place in?", "neg": "What part of the plant is the main site of photosynthesis?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}459{"query": "What determines which codon in the mrna the trna will bind to?", "pos": "What are the \"code words\" of the genetic code?", "neg": "What functional units of chromosomes determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}460{"query": "Makemake and pluto are classified as what type of celestial object?", "pos": "What are small planets in our solar system called?", "neg": "The planets orbit around what celestial body?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}461{"query": "The pressurized gas of earth's atmosphere is contained by what force?", "pos": "What force holds planets in their orbits?", "neg": "Which gases trap heat in the atmosphere?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}462{"query": "Bases are ionic compounds consisting of hydroxide ions and a what?", "pos": "Acids are molecular compounds that dissolve in water to produce hydronium ions and what else?", "neg": "What type of ions do ionic compounds contain?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}463{"query": "What are the ice crystals that form on the ground called?", "pos": "What is solid water that forms when water vapor undergoes deposition?", "neg": "What are formed when crystals precipitate out from a liquid?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}464{"query": "What is a process where some substances called reactants change chemically into different substances called products?", "pos": "What type of reaction is a process in which some substances, called reactants, change into different substances, called products?", "neg": "What helps to convert some molecules to forms that can be taken up by other organisms?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}465{"query": "What is essential for forming new genes?", "pos": "What is necessary for new alleles to be created?", "neg": "The regulation of gene expression is extremely important during the development of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}466{"query": "During karyogamy, the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, which produces what?", "pos": "What is produced when haploid gametes fuse in sexual reproduction?", "neg": "Nuclear changes occur with a simultaneous release of what, and a slight drop in mass?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}467{"query": "Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are distinguished by thickness of what?", "pos": "What component of cells is present in plant and bacterial cells but not animal cells?", "neg": "Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, whereas gram-positive bacteria have a cell wall made of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}468{"query": "What is the name of the protective layer of gases that surrounds the earth and blocks harmful rays from the sun?", "pos": "What is a thin layer of gas that surrounds earth called?", "neg": "What element is typically used to shield things from gamma rays?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}469{"query": "Chemical reactions always involve what?", "pos": "All chemical changes involve a transfer of what?", "neg": "Electrons always result in what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}470{"query": "The magnet field of earth is called what?", "pos": "What controls earth's magnetosphere?", "neg": "Who first proposed that earth is a magnet?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}471{"query": "Bryophyta is the formal taxonomic name for the phylum that consists solely of what?", "pos": "What are plant-like protists called?", "neg": "Like mitochondria, plastids contain their own what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}472{"query": "What refers to a substance made from two or more elements joined by chemical bonds?", "pos": "What consists of two or more elements and forms as a result of a chemical reaction?", "neg": "What holds ionic and covalent compounds together?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}473{"query": "What type of chemistry is the study of chemicals containing carbon called?", "pos": "Strong, stable bonds between carbon atoms produce complex molecules containing chains, branches, and rings; the chemistry of these compounds is called what?", "neg": "Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}474{"query": "What do you call mixtures of ash and water that travel down river valleys?", "pos": "What do craters and rifts become when the fill with water?", "neg": "What are floods a source of on a floodplain?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}475{"query": "Zinc reacting with hydrochloric acid produces bubbles of which gas?", "pos": "Many metals react with acids to produce what gas?", "neg": "A can of warm soda will fizz more because increasing the temperature decreases the what of a gas?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}476{"query": "What is the study of heredity called?", "pos": "What do we call the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation?", "neg": "Certain characteristics are frequently inherited together because of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}477{"query": "During the scientific revolution, who proposed that the sun, not earth, is the center of the solar system?", "pos": "The four moons of jupiter are collectively named after what 17th century astronomer, who discovered them?", "neg": "Robert merrifield developed the first synthetic approach for making what essential cell substances in the lab?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}478{"query": "What type of cells are the smallest of all human cells?", "pos": "What are the male reproductive cells called?", "neg": "What is the smallest unit of a living thing?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}479{"query": "Which property changes when a glass breaks?", "pos": "Glass breaking is an example of what type of change that doesn't affect the makeup of matter?", "neg": "An obstacle or opening that is shorter than the wavelength causes greater diffraction of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}480{"query": "What is the magnetic field traditionally referred to as?", "pos": "The magnet field of earth is called what?", "neg": "The creation of a voltage across a current-carrying conductor by a magnetic field is known as what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}481{"query": "What are the two main minerals found in ocean water?", "pos": "Oceans are made of a solution of what?", "neg": "What are the primary producers in the ocean?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}482{"query": "The word antibiotic comes from the greek anti, meaning “against,” and bios, meaning this?", "pos": "The global biosphere includes all areas of what?", "neg": "This bodily defense function attacks pathogens and includes inflammatory response and phagocytosis?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}483{"query": "What is the name of the period of transition between the beginning of puberty and adulthood?", "pos": "The period of life between the start of puberty and the beginning of adulthood is called?", "neg": "In which human organ do the juveniles develop into sexually mature adults?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}484{"query": "Around what percentage of the earth's surface water is contained in the ocean?", "pos": "The ordovician-silurian extinction event is the first recorded mass extinction and the second largest. during this period, about what percent of marine species went extinct?", "neg": "By what processes does the ocean modify landforms?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}485{"query": "What can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations?", "pos": "What is the term for a random change in allele frequencies that occurs in a small population?", "neg": "What kind of reproduction results in offspring that are generally all genetically different?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}486{"query": "What does the inner membrane divide into two internal compartments?", "pos": "Organelles whose membranes are specialized for aerobic respiration are called what?", "neg": "How does a cell's membrane keep extracellular materials from mixing with it's internal components?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}487{"query": "Processing of filtrate in the proximal tubule helps maintain what level in body fluid?", "pos": "Proper kidney function is essential for homeostasis of what level, which in turn helps ensure the functioning of enzymes?", "neg": "What does fiber help keep at normal levels in the body?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}488{"query": "What term means an area where two closely related species continue to interact and reproduce?", "pos": "What is a close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits called?", "neg": "What is made up of organisms of the same species that live in the same area?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}489{"query": "What guards the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle?", "pos": "Blood enters the heart in what valve?", "neg": "What  reinforces the thin walls of the right ventricle and plays a crucial role in cardiac conduction?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}490{"query": "Which carrier molecule becomes less effective at binding oxygen as temperature increases?", "pos": "What blood protein carries oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body?", "neg": "As the temperature of water decreases what happens to the speed of the water molecules?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}491{"query": "Alkynes are what type of compound?", "pos": "What are alkenes organic compounds that contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms described as?", "neg": "Whan an alkene is aquired by an alkyl halide in an organic reaction, what kind of reaction is this?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}492{"query": "What causes waves to bring sand up onto the beach during summers?", "pos": "What type of orbitals do electrons in successive atoms on the periodic table tend to fill first?", "neg": "Which factor has a big impact on coastal climates?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}493{"query": "What is the smallest main part of the brain?", "pos": "What part of the plant holds the plant upright?", "neg": "What is the smallest part of a compound?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}494{"query": "The a in atp is short for what?", "pos": "What is vital for nervous system functions that include muscle stimulation, memory formation, and learning?", "neg": "Loss of energy is the reason that what typically has few levels?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}495{"query": "The prevalence of cervical cancer in the united states is very low because of regular screening exams called what?", "pos": "What term refers to the deliberate prevention of pregnancy?", "neg": "What counter provides a sensitive means of detecting radioactivity?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}496{"query": "What occurs when force is applied to a moving object?", "pos": "An unbalanced force on an object in motion causes what?", "neg": "What term in physics refers to the use of force to move an object?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}497{"query": "What is the name of the process that refers to the balance or equilibrium within the cell or a body?", "pos": "Maintaining a balance inside the body or cells of organisms is known as?", "neg": "What is responsible for our sense of balance?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}498{"query": "Which gas moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air?", "pos": "In gas exchange, oxygen flows into the blood, and what flows out?", "neg": "Which blood leaves the placenta through veins leading back to the fetus?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}499{"query": "What is regulated by the reticular formation?", "pos": "What are regular changes in biology or behavior that occur in a 24 hour cycle?", "neg": "What do the gonadotropins regulate?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}500{"query": "In contrast to metals, electrical insulators are materials that conduct electricity poorly because their valence bands are what?", "pos": "About how full is the outer energy level in metalloids?", "neg": "Materials such as metals have low resistance to electric current, what are they called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}501{"query": "Creep, which usually takes place where the ground freezes and thaws frequently, involves movement of particles due to what force?", "pos": "What makes soil and rock particles move gradually down the slope during each thaw?", "neg": "An inversion may result when what kind of mass moves over cold ground?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}502{"query": "Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa are examples of what, the term for a disease-causing microorganism?", "pos": "What is the name for a parasite that causes disease?", "neg": "How many processes contribute to the emergence of viral diseases?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}503{"query": "Hydrocarbons in which all carbons are connected by single bonds are called?", "pos": "What are unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond between carbon atoms called?", "neg": "All alkanes are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and have similar bonds, structures, and formulas; noncyclic alkanes all have a formula of cnh2n+2. the number of carbon atoms present in an alkane has what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}504{"query": "What is used to prevent some infectious diseases?", "pos": "Many viral diseases can be prevented by giving people what?", "neg": "What tissue blocks entry of pathogens in mammals?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}505{"query": "Some membrane proteins that actively transport ions contribute to what?", "pos": "What facilitates the diffusion of ions across a membrane?", "neg": "In single-celled organisms, what does the plasma membrane extensions help the organisms to do?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}506{"query": "How does the nucleus divide during nuclear fission?", "pos": "Cytoplasmic determinants are distributed how in unfertilized eggs?", "neg": "What is it called when the nucleus of an atom splits into two smaller nuclei?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}507{"query": "What does a hypothesis become after many experiments provide results supporting it?", "pos": "What is another name for a broad explanation that is supported by a great deal of evidence?", "neg": "Getting the same result when an experiment is repeated is called what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}508{"query": "What force provides resistance whenever two surfaces are in contact?", "pos": "What force occurs whenever two surfaces come into contact?", "neg": "What secures together immovable joints and prevents them from moving?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}509{"query": "The sympathetic division of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system has evolved the fight-or-flight response to counter stress-induced disruptions of this?", "pos": "What often relies on cooperation between the motor and autonomic nervous systems?", "neg": "What  prepares the body for fight or flight during emergencies?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}510{"query": "Amylase and pepsin are examples of enzymes needed for what process?", "pos": "Pepsin and trypsin are examples of enzymes involved in what bodily process?", "neg": "Catabolic reactions involve breaking what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}511{"query": "A small scale version of what type of map displays individual rock units?", "pos": "What type of map would show average temperatures and rainfall?", "neg": "What type of map projection is used for small areas to avoid distortion?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}512{"query": "Earth’s magnetic north and south poles are not the same as what?", "pos": "Warm water from the equator mixes with cold water from where?", "neg": "Magnetic force is always perpendicular to what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}513{"query": "What do we call the force of attraction or repulsion between electrically charged particles?", "pos": "What is magnetism produced by electricity called?", "neg": "What term is used to describe the attractive force between molecules of the same substance?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}514{"query": "Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of what life cycle?", "pos": "What is the term for flowering seed plants?", "neg": "This series of life stages and events that a sexually reproducing organism goes through is called its what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}515{"query": "What are the primary producers in the ocean?", "pos": "Which type of plankton make food via photosynthesis?", "neg": "What are the two main minerals found in ocean water?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}516{"query": "The major classes of living members of this phylum include gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods?", "pos": "Gastropods, cephalopods, and bivalves are examples of what class?", "neg": "The colloquial term \"ribbon worm\" refers to the mostly marine species of what phylum?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}517{"query": "What are surface currents generally caused by?", "pos": "What are surface currents mainly caused by?", "neg": "What are floods a source of on a floodplain?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}518{"query": "Ice caps are found only in greenland and which other place?", "pos": "Besides greenland, where are the earth's largest ice sheets found?", "neg": "What are the major sites of gibberellin production?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}519{"query": "What is measured by the intensity of the sound waves?", "pos": "What is the measure of sound intensity levels?", "neg": "What is damaged in the inner ear by loud sounds that cause hearing loss?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}520{"query": "What two ways may catalyst be classified?", "pos": "Wine, air, and gunpowder are all examples of what kind of common mixtures?", "neg": "What do you call catalysts that are found inside of living things?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}521{"query": "What type of energy from a warm cola results in melting when it is transferred to the much colder ice?", "pos": "Microwaves are converted into what kind of energy in a microwave oven?", "neg": "Melting ice cubes and freezing water are examples of change of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}522{"query": "Present-day plants that have a complex vascular tissue system are called what kind of plants?", "pos": "What type of plant is the dominant group of land plants?", "neg": "How many types of major tissues do modern plants have?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}523{"query": "There are three basic types of hormones: lipid-derived, amino acid-derived, and what?", "pos": "The enzyme pepsin plays an important role in the digestion of proteins by breaking down intact protein to what short-chain amino acids?", "neg": "The primary hormones derived from lipids are what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}524{"query": "Any structure inside a cell that is enclosed by a membrane is called?", "pos": "What is the term for a structure within the cytoplasm that performs a specific job in the cell?", "neg": "Which type of membrane are ribosomes surrounded by?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}525{"query": "How can you prevent your ice cream from getting a sandy texture?", "pos": "What is a sugar that is found in fruits?", "neg": "The rate of dissolving is influenced by surface area, stirring, and what else?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}526{"query": "What are small organelles and are the site of protein synthesis called.", "pos": "What are the organelles on which proteins are made during protein synthesis called?", "neg": "In prokaryotes, what are the regions called that repressors bind to?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}527{"query": "Noninfectious diseases can't be passed from one person to another. instead, these types of diseases are caused by factors such as environment, genetics and what?", "pos": "Cardiovascular disease, some types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, and obesity are considered what kind of preventable diseases?", "neg": "What causes genetic disorders?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}528{"query": "The heme parts of a hemoglobin molecule bind with what element?", "pos": "Hemoglobin is responsible for transporting what within our blood?", "neg": "What blood component serves both structural and molecular functions in blood clotting?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}529{"query": "What is the name of muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart?", "pos": "What carries blood away from the heart?", "neg": "Turbulent sounds, at the onset of blood flow when the cuff pressure becomes sufficiently small are called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}530{"query": "What happens to growth of plants and bacteria in warmer regions?", "pos": "What happens to the rate of chemical reactions in higher temperatures?", "neg": "What forms when there is a difference in temperature between the land and the air?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}531{"query": "Porifera are parazoans that exhibit simple organization and lack true what?", "pos": "Organs are groups of what working together?", "neg": "What is a feature that prokaryotes lack?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}532{"query": "What group of elements cannot conduct electricity?", "pos": "Elements that do not need to conduct electricity are known as what?", "neg": "Where in the periodic table of elements are the nonmetals located?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}533{"query": "Over time, deposited sediments may harden into what?", "pos": "Lava flows from a volcano and hardens into what?", "neg": "Osteoclasts break down bone to maintain mineral what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}534{"query": "What preventative measure is often delivered by injection into the arm?", "pos": "What is used to prevent some infectious diseases?", "neg": "What is a small protein that helps fight infections?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}535{"query": "Dissolved fertilizer can ultimately lead to the creation of what in lakes or coastal oceans, which means a place where nothing can live?", "pos": "Cutting down on the use of chemical fertilizers and preserving wetlands are ways to prevent what \"unlivable\" regions in bodies of water?", "neg": "What do people apply to their lawns that causes water pollution?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}536{"query": "Oversecretion of insulin can cause what?", "pos": "What is a disease characterized by high concentrations of glucose in the blood?", "neg": "What happens when more glucose is present than the proteins can handle, in the body?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}537{"query": "What is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching?", "pos": "What is a force that opposes motion?", "neg": "What secures together immovable joints and prevents them from moving?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}538{"query": "What type of compound contains atoms of two or more different elements in its ring structure?", "pos": "What is a hydrocarbon in which the carbon chain joins to itself in a ring?", "neg": "Compounds with metals and nonmetals sharing electrons are known as what kinds of compounds?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}539{"query": "The most important characteristic of extant amphibians is a moist, permeable skin used for this?", "pos": "Amphibians have permeable skin which allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, what is this \"breathing called?\"", "neg": "The skin plays an important role in preventing the escape of what commonly found liquid from the body?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}540{"query": "Cephalopods have three hearts that pump blood of what color?", "pos": "Red litmus paper turns what color when placed in a basic solution?", "neg": "Like all tetrapods except birds and mammals, frogs possess a heart with what structure?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}541{"query": "Seawalls and breakwaters are built parallel to what?", "pos": "Most waves strike the shore at an angle. this causes what?", "neg": "What type of lines run next to each other?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}542{"query": "What are substances that provide hydrogen ions (h+) and lower ph?", "pos": "What can be classified as monoprotic or polyprotic based on the number of acidic hydrogens they contain?", "neg": "The ph scale is a scale used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. a neutral solution, neither acidic nor basic, has a ph of what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}543{"query": "Water is a polar compound, so its molecules are attracted to each other and form what kind of bonds?", "pos": "Water molecules are polar, so they form what type of bonds?", "neg": "What type of force allows non-polar molecules to interact?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}544{"query": "What does the kyoto protocol focus on controlling?", "pos": "Burning forests, growing rice and raising livestock all cause a release of what into the atmosphere?", "neg": "Regulatory proteins bind to regulatory elements to control what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}545{"query": "What kind of a reaction occurs when a substance reacts quickly with oxygen?", "pos": "What involves the reaction of a hydrocarbon with oxygen gas to produce water and carbon dioxide?", "neg": "Rust is an example of the reaction of oxygen with what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}546{"query": "When you heat a pot of water on a stove top, energy moves from the pot to its metal handle by what process?", "pos": "What do you call the transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are touching?", "neg": "Which process changes rocks by heat and pressure?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}547{"query": "Acne and different types of cancer can affect what large organ?", "pos": "What is the largest human organ?", "neg": "Which pollution can cause lung cancer and can also make asthma and other diseases worse?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}548{"query": "This series of life stages and events that a sexually reproducing organism goes through is called its what?", "pos": "What is the term for the series of life stages and events that a sexually reproducing organism goes through?", "neg": "Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of what life cycle?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}549{"query": "What fuels provide most of the energy used worldwide?", "pos": "What is the main source of hydrocarbons?", "neg": "What is the most widely used form of renewable energy in the world?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}550{"query": "What are large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus?", "pos": "What cell structures are like storage centers and tend to be larger in plant cells?", "neg": "Transport vesicles move what type of molecules from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}551{"query": "What adds phosphate groups to receptor proteins at the surface of the cell?", "pos": "Chemical signals are received by the target cell on what?", "neg": "In a cell cycle, what kind of regulator molecules allow advancement to the next stage?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}552{"query": "Human evolution shows that evolutionary changes typically occur at what pace?", "pos": "What happens to the reaction rate over the course of a reaction?", "neg": "The rate of evolution is influenced by the rate of changes to what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}553{"query": "The force applied to an object is called?", "pos": "Compression, tension and shear refer to what type of force that can cause rock to change?", "neg": "The force that a magnet exerts on certain materials is called what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}554{"query": "Does the force of magnetism increase or decrease as the distance between objects increases?", "pos": "Does air temperature increase or decrease as it rises higher in the atmosphere?", "neg": "What is magnetism produced by an electrical current?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}555{"query": "What type of plants have vascular tissue but do not have seeds?", "pos": "Present-day plants that have a complex vascular tissue system are called what kind of plants?", "neg": "Nonflowering vascular plants have how many basic types of leaves?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}556{"query": "What term describes a specific statement that is thought to be never violated by the entire natural universe?", "pos": "In science, what do you call something that always applies under the same conditions?", "neg": "What is a pure substance that cannot be separated into any other substances called?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}557{"query": "Which vitamin is made in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight?", "pos": "The action of sunlight on the skin triggers the body to produce what vitamin?", "neg": "What form of radiation is the energy emitted by the sun?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}558{"query": "Asexual reproduction occurs by what process?", "pos": "During asexual reproduction, fungi produce haploid spores by what process involving a haploid parent cell?", "neg": "Which asexual reproduction method do starfish use to reproduce?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}559{"query": "How is population density expressed?", "pos": "Which measure shows how individuals in a population are distributed, or spread throughout their area?", "neg": "What is water vapor density known as?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}560{"query": "What type of air may get stuck on the windward side of a mountain range?", "pos": "The direction of prevailing winds determines the type of what that usually moves over an area?", "neg": "Wind blown sand contributes to what type of erosion?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}561{"query": "What is the term for anything that can cause cancer?", "pos": "Cigarettes are a major source of what kind of chemical substances linked with cancer?", "neg": "Cancer develops when what process is unregulated?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}562{"query": "Deposition also occurs when a stream or river empties into a large body of what?", "pos": "What substance flows over the land from precipitation or melting snow or ice?", "neg": "What are floods a source of on a floodplain?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}563{"query": "What fibres are seen in some vertebrates that twitch at rates far faster than any human muscle?", "pos": "Slow-twitch or fast-twitch and oxidative or glycolytic describe what type of fibers?", "neg": "What are ingrowths on arthropod exoskeletons to which muscles attach?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}564{"query": "Kangaroos, koala and opossums are part of what group?", "pos": "What type of mammals includes opossums, kangaroos, and koalas?", "neg": "Mollusks, annelids, and arthropods are considered what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}565{"query": "What equals the mass of the object (in kilograms) times the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s 2 )?", "pos": "What is a measure of the force of gravity pulling on an object of a given mass?", "neg": "What can be calculated given the mass and speed of an object?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}566{"query": "What cage composed of 12 pairs of ribs, with their costal cartilages and the sternum, protects the heart and lungs?", "pos": "What is the name of the elongated bony structure that anchors the anterior thoracic cage?", "neg": "In amniotes that lay eggs, the shell of the egg provides protection for the developing embryo while being permeable enough to allow for the exchange of carbon dioxide and this?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}567{"query": "Snow and ice may also undergo which process where there is intense sunlight, very cold temperatures, and dry winds?", "pos": "What is the process by which some solids transition directly into gases?", "neg": "Winter storms develop from what, which form at high altitudes and are associated with hurricanes as well?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}568{"query": "Carnivores are animals that eat other animals. the word carnivore is derived from latin and literally means this?", "pos": "What do you call an animal that feeds on other animals?", "neg": "What do herbivores eat?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}569{"query": "What gas is contributing to the greenhouse effect?", "pos": "What is the main greenhouse gas causing global warming?", "neg": "What has increased the greenhouse effect?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}570{"query": "Cilia or flagella structures give protists what ability?", "pos": "Cilia and flagella are generally associated with what function in organisms, whether the function is internal or external?", "neg": "In many polychaetes, the parapodia are richly supplied with blood vessels and also function as what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}571{"query": "What is the smallest unit capable of life known as?", "pos": "What is the smallest unit of a living thing?", "neg": "What type of cells are the smallest of all human cells?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}572{"query": "Lobsters are what kind of food source?", "pos": "In addition to insects, what large invertebrate phylum includes animals such as spiders, centipedes, and lobsters?", "neg": "Lampreys possess a large round sucker, lined with teeth, that surrounds the mouth and is used to feed on what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}573{"query": "The product of a system’s mass multiplied by its velocity is called what?", "pos": "What can be calculated by multiplying an object’s mass in kilograms (kg) by its velocity in meters per second (m/s)?", "neg": "Force times distance is the equation for what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}574{"query": "What changes water vapor to liquid water?", "pos": "What is the term for the process in which water vapor changes to tiny droplets of liquid water?", "neg": "What is the major source of water vapor in the atmosphere?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}575{"query": "In a displacement graph, the slope of the line is the average what?", "pos": "What does the slope of a position-time graph represent?", "neg": "Force times distance is the equation for what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}576{"query": "What is the term for a random change in allele frequencies that occurs in a small population?", "pos": "What can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations?", "neg": "Nuclear changes occur with a simultaneous release of what, and a slight drop in mass?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}577{"query": "A doorknob and a ferris wheel are examples of what type of simple machine?", "pos": "What simple machine consists of two connected rings or cylinders, one inside the other, which both turn in the same direction around a single center point?", "neg": "What type of simple machine is a seesaw an example of?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}578{"query": "Hydras and sea anemones are examples of what form?", "pos": "Snails, scallops, and squids are what type of invertebrate?", "neg": "Ice masses, acquifers, and the deep ocean are examples of water what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}579{"query": "What is igneous rock created from?", "pos": "What composition determines both eruption type and volcano type?", "neg": "Coal is a solid hydrocarbon formed from what type of decaying material?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}580{"query": "Pressure and vibration are examples of what type of stimuli?", "pos": "Hardness, density, color, and melting and boiling points are all considered what types of properties?", "neg": "Plants have a touch response known as what?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}581{"query": "The lack of annihilation radiation coming to us from space proves that the universe is dominated by what?", "pos": "What cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction?", "neg": "What are biofilms resistant to many common forms of?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}582{"query": "Examples of what process are evident in many biological systems because cells are surrounded by semipermeable membranes?", "pos": "What is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane?", "neg": "How many different ways can molecules pass through a phospholipid membrane?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}583{"query": "The last major ice age took place in which era?", "pos": "Glaciers have been melting since what period?", "neg": "Late adulthood begins in the mid-60s and continues until?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}584{"query": "What is the most important source of electromagnetic waves on earth?", "pos": "What is the major source of warmth for earth?", "neg": "What are  electromagnetic waves created by?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}585{"query": "In gas exchange, oxygen flows into the blood, and what flows out?", "pos": "Which gas moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air?", "neg": "Ultimately, the fluid that is lost from the blood vessels is returned through what system?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}586{"query": "Why are exotic species also called invasive species?", "pos": "Which plants sometimes colonize areas by disrupting interactions between native organisms?", "neg": "How do leaves export sugar to roots and other nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}587{"query": "The ostrich, kiwi, rhea, cassowary, and moa are examples of what kind of birds?", "pos": "What two basic types of feather does a bird have?", "neg": "Kangaroos, koalas, and opossums are examples of what type of mammals?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}588{"query": "What produces microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes?", "pos": "What is the part of the flower that produces pollen?", "neg": "What carries small pollen grains farther than they otherwise would go?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}589{"query": "Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in what?", "pos": "Aging is associated with the death of what?", "neg": "Harmful instances of what can result in errors in protein sequence that yield non-functional proteins?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}590{"query": "What is the type of cell division that produces gametes called?", "pos": "What is the type of cell division that produces gametes?", "neg": "What is a germ cell that divides into gametocytes during gametogenesis?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}591{"query": "Where is glucose carried in the human body?", "pos": "Both oxygen and glucose are transported within the body via what?", "neg": "What is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}592{"query": "What does power imply is happening to energy?", "pos": "What happens to energy when an atom gains an electron?", "neg": "What is the capacity to cause change?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}593{"query": "Sexual reproduction involves haploid gametes and produces a diploid zygote through what process?", "pos": "What process joins two haploid gametes into a diploid zygote?", "neg": "Through what method or methods of fertilization do amphibians sexually reproduce?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}594{"query": "What is the name for a parasite that causes disease?", "pos": "Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa are examples of what, the term for a disease-causing microorganism?", "neg": "How are protozoa that cause giardiasis spread?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}595{"query": "What is the term for the shallow space above the zygomatic arch in a skull?", "pos": "What is the single bone that forms the posterior skull and posterior base of the cranial cavity?", "neg": "Within a bud, what is spaced close together because the internodes are very short?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}596{"query": "What kind of joints are capable of a wide range of movements, classified as gliding, angular, rotational, or special?", "pos": "What is another term for movable joints?", "neg": "The bones of the skull are connected by what type of joints?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}597{"query": "Water is an oxide of what element?", "pos": "Water is formed from oxygen and what other element?", "neg": "Rust consists of oxides of what element?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}598{"query": "Like bacteria, archaea can have what to assist with movement?", "pos": "What thin whip-like structures help prokaryotes move toward food or away from toxins?", "neg": "What is required between cytoskeleton and motor proteins for cell motility?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}599{"query": "The radiocarpal and midcarpal joints are responsible for all movements of the hand and what other part of the body?", "pos": "Biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis work to flex what part of the body?", "neg": "The metacarpophalangeal joints in the finger are examples of what kind of joints?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}600{"query": "What process is used to chemically and mechanically break down the food you eat into smaller parts?", "pos": "The process of breaking down food into nutrients is known as __________", "neg": "What is the process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces?", "instruction": "Given a scientific question, generate a correct answer to it."}601