AIZ2H/05-SOTA-Question-Answer-From-TextFileContext

1Writing the best nursing care plan requires a step-by-step approach to correctly complete the parts needed for a care plan. 2 3This tutorial has the ultimate database and list of nursing care plans (NCP) and NANDA nursing diagnosis samples for our student nurses and professional nurses to use — all for free! 4 5A care plan’s components, examples, objectives, and purposes are included with a detailed guide on writing an excellent nursing care plan or a template for your unit. 6 7What is a nursing care plan?8Types of Nursing Care Plans9Objectives10Purposes of a Nursing Care Plan11Components12Care Plan Formats13Student Care Plans14Writing a Nursing Care Plan15Step 1: Data Collection or Assessment16Step 2: Data Analysis and Organization17Step 3: Formulating Your Nursing Diagnoses18Step 4: Setting Priorities19Step 5: Establishing Client Goals and Desired Outcomes20Short Term and Long Term Goals21Components of Goals and Desired Outcomes22Step 6: Selecting Nursing Interventions23Types of Nursing Interventions24Step 7: Providing Rationale25Step 8: Evaluation26Step 9: Putting it on Paper27Nursing Care Plan List28Basic Nursing and General Care Plans29Surgery and Perioperative Care Plans30Maternal and Newborn Care Plans31Pediatric Nursing Care Plans32Cardiac Care Plans33Endocrine and Metabolic Care Plans34Gastrointestinal35Genitourinary36Hematologic and Lymphatic37Infectious Diseases38Integumentary39Mental Health and Psychiatric40Neurological41Musculoskeletal42Ophthalmic43Respiratory44References and Sources45 46What is a nursing care plan?47 48A nursing care plan (NCP) is a formal process that correctly identifies existing needs and recognizes potential needs or risks. Care plans provide communication among nurses, their patients, and other healthcare providers to achieve health care outcomes. Without the nursing care planning process, the quality and consistency of patient care would be lost.49 50Nursing care planning begins when the client is admitted to the agency and is continuously updated throughout in response to the client’s changes in condition and evaluation of goal achievement. Planning and delivering individualized or patient-centered care is the basis for excellence in nursing practice.51 52Types of Nursing Care Plans53Care plans can be informal or formal: 54An informal nursing care plan is a strategy of action that exists in the nurse‘s mind. 55A formal nursing care plan is a written or computerized guide that organizes the client’s care information. 56 57Formal care plans are further subdivided into standardized care plans and individualized care plans: Standardized care plans specify the nursing care for groups of clients with everyday needs. Individualized care plans are tailored to meet the unique needs of a specific client or needs that are not addressed by the standardized care plan.58 59Objectives60The following are the goals and objectives of writing a nursing care plan:61 62Promote evidence-based nursing care and to render pleasant and familiar conditions in hospitals or health centers.63 64Support holistic care which involves the whole person including physical, psychological, social and spiritual in relation to management and prevention of the disease.65Establish programs such as care pathways and care bundles. Care pathways involve a team effort in order to come to a consensus with regards to standards of care and expected outcomes while care bundles are related to best practice with regards to care given for a specific disease.66 67Identify and distinguish goals and expected outcome.68Review communication and documentation of the care plan.69Measure nursing care.70Purposes of a Nursing Care Plan71The following are the purposes and importance of writing a nursing care plan:72 73Defines nurse’s role. It helps to identify the unique role of nurses in attending the overall health and well-being of clients without having to rely entirely on a physician’s orders or interventions.74Provides direction for individualized care of the client. It allows the nurse to think critically about each client and to develop interventions that are directly tailored to the individual.75Continuity of care. Nurses from different shifts or different floors can use the data to render the same quality and type of interventions to care for clients, therefore allowing clients to receive the most benefit from treatment.76Documentation. It should accurately outline which observations to make, what nursing actions to carry out, and what instructions the client or family members require. If nursing care is not documented correctly in the care plan, there is no evidence the care was provided.77Serves as guide for assigning a specific staff to a specific client. There are instances when client’s care needs to be assigned to a staff with particular and precise skills.78Serves as guide for reimbursement. The medical record is used by the insurance companies to determine what they will pay in relation to the hospital care received by the client.79Defines client’s goals. It does not only benefit nurses but also the clients by involving them in their own treatment and care.80Components81A nursing care plan (NCP) usually includes nursing diagnoses, client problems, expected outcomes, and nursing interventions and rationales. These components are elaborated below:82 83Client health assessment, medical results, and diagnostic reports. This is the first measure in order to be able to design a care plan. In particular, client assessment is related to the following areas and abilities: physical, emotional, sexual, psychosocial, cultural, spiritual/transpersonal, cognitive, functional, age-related, economic and environmental. Information in this area can be subjective and objective.84Expected client outcomes are outlined. These may be long and short term.85Nursing interventions are documented in the care plan.86Rationale for interventions in order to be evidence-based care.87Evaluation. This documents the outcome of nursing interventions.88Care Plan Formats89Nursing care plan formats are usually categorized or organized into four columns: (1) nursing diagnoses, (2) desired outcomes and goals, (3) nursing interventions, and (4) evaluation. Some agencies use a three-column plan wherein goals and evaluation are in the same column. Other agencies have a five-column plan that includes a column for assessment cues.90 913-column nursing care plan format923 Column Care Plan Template934-Column Nursing Care Plan Format94A 4-column care plan format95Below is a document containing sample templates for the different nursing care plan formats. Please feel free to edit, modify, and share the template.96 97Download: Nursing Care Plan Templates and Formats98Student Care Plans99Student care plans are more lengthy and detailed than care plans used by working nurses because they are a learning activity for the students.100 1015-Column Nursing Care Plan Format102Student nursing care plans are more detailed.103Care plans by student nurses are usually required to be handwritten and have an additional column for “Rationale” or “Scientific Explanation” after the nursing interventions column. Rationales are scientific principles that explain the reasons for selecting a particular nursing intervention.104 105Writing a Nursing Care Plan106How do you write a nursing care plan (NCP)? Just follow the steps below to develop a care plan for your client.107 108Step 1: Data Collection or Assessment109The first step in writing a nursing care plan is to create a client database using assessment techniques and data collection methods (physical assessment, health history, interview, medical records review, diagnostic studies). A client database includes all the health information gathered. In this step, the nurse can identify the related or risk factors and defining characteristics that can be used to formulate a nursing diagnosis. Some agencies or nursing schools have their own assessment formats you can use.110 111Step 2: Data Analysis and Organization112Now that you have information about the client’s health, analyze, cluster, and organize the data to formulate your nursing diagnosis, priorities, and desired outcomes.113 114Step 3: Formulating Your Nursing Diagnoses115NANDA nursing diagnoses are a uniform way of identifying, focusing on and dealing with specific client needs and responses to actual and high-risk problems. Actual or potential health problems that can be prevented or resolved by independent nursing intervention are termed nursing diagnoses. We’ve detailed the steps on how to formulate your nursing diagnoses in this guide: Nursing Diagnosis (NDx): Complete Guide and List116 117Step 4: Setting Priorities118Setting priorities is the process of establishing a preferential sequence for addressing nursing diagnoses and interventions. In this step, the nurse and the client begin planning which nursing diagnosis requires attention first. Diagnoses can be ranked and grouped as having a high, medium, or low priority. Life-threatening problems should be given high priority.119 120A nursing diagnosis encompasses Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and helps to prioritize and plan care based on patient-centered outcomes. In 1943, Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchy based on basic fundamental needs innate for all individuals. Basic physiological needs/goals must be met before higher needs/goals can be achieved such as self-esteem and self-actualization. Physiological and safety needs provide the basis for the implementation of nursing care and nursing interventions. Thus, they are at the base of Maslow’s pyramid, laying the foundation for physical and emotional health.121 122Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs123 124Basic Physiological Needs: Nutrition (water and food), elimination (Toileting), airway (suction)-breathing (oxygen)-circulation (pulse, cardiac monitor, blood pressure) (ABCs), sleep, sex, shelter, and exercise.125Safety and Security: Injury prevention (side rails, call lights, hand hygiene, isolation, suicide precautions, fall precautions, car seats, helmets, seat belts), fostering a climate of trust and safety (therapeutic relationship), patient education (modifiable risk factors for stroke, heart disease).126Love and Belonging: Foster supportive relationships, methods to avoid social isolation (bullying), employ active listening techniques, therapeutic communication, sexual intimacy.127Self-Esteem: Acceptance in the community, workforce, personal achievement, sense of control or empowerment, accepting one’s physical appearance or body habitus.128Self-Actualization: Empowering environment, spiritual growth, ability to recognize the point of view of others, reaching one’s maximum potential.129The client’s health values and beliefs, client’s own priorities, resources available, and urgency are some of the factors the nurse must consider when assigning priorities. Involve the client in the process to enhance cooperation.130 131Step 5: Establishing Client Goals and Desired Outcomes132After assigning priorities for your nursing diagnosis, the nurse and the client set goals for each determined priority. Goals or desired outcomes describe what the nurse hopes to achieve by implementing the nursing interventions derived from the client’s nursing diagnoses. Goals provide direction for planning interventions, serve as criteria for evaluating client progress, enable the client and nurse to determine which problems have been resolved, and help motivate the client and nurse by providing a sense of achievement.133 134Desired Goals and Outcomes135Example of goals and desired outcomes. Notice how they’re formatted/written.136One overall goal is determined for each nursing diagnosis. The terms goal, outcome, and expected outcome are often used interchangeably.137 138According to Hamilton and Price (2013), goals should be SMART. SMART goals analysis strategy stands for – Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-Bound goals.139 140Specific. It should be clear, significant and sensible in order for a goal to be effective.141Measurable or Meaningful. Making sure a goal is measurable makes it easier to monitor progress and know when it reached the finish line.142Attainable or Action-Oriented. Goals should be flexible but still remains possible.143Realistic or Results-Oriented. This is important to look forward to effective and successful outcomes by keeping in mind the available resources in hand.144Timely or Time-Oriented. Every goal needs a designated time parameter and deadline to focus on and something to work toward.145Hogston (2011) suggests using the REEPIG standards to ensure that care is of the highest standards. By this means, nursing care plans should be:146 147Realistic. Given available resources. 148Explicitly stated. Be clear in precisely what must be done so there is no room for misinterpretation of instructions.149Evidence-based. That there is research that supports what is being proposed. 150Prioritized. The most urgent problems being dealt with first. 151Involve. Involve both the patient and other members of the multidisciplinary team who are going to be involved in implementing the care.152Goal centered. That the care planned will meet and achieve the goal set.153Short Term and Long Term Goals154Goals and expected outcomes must be measurable and client-centered. Goals are constructed by focusing on problem prevention, resolution, and rehabilitation. Goals can be short-term or long-term. Most goals are short-term in an acute care setting since much of the nurse’s time is spent on the client’s immediate needs. Long-term goals are often used for clients who have chronic health problems or live at home, in nursing homes, or in extended-care facilities.155 156Short-term goal – a statement distinguishing a shift in behavior that can be completed immediately, usually within a few hours or days.157Long-term goal – indicates an objective to be completed over a longer period, usually over weeks or months.158Discharge planning – involves naming long-term goals, therefore promoting continued restorative care and problem resolution through home health, physical therapy, or various other referral sources.159Components of Goals and Desired Outcomes160Goals or desired outcome statements usually have four components: a subject, a verb, conditions or modifiers, and criterion of desired performance.161 162Components of Desired outcomes and goals163Components of goals and desired outcomes in a nursing care plan.164Subject. The subject is the client, any part of the client, or some attribute of the client (i.e., pulse, temperature, urinary output). That subject is often omitted in writing goals because it is assumed that the subject is the client unless indicated otherwise (family, significant other).165Verb. The verb specifies an action the client is to perform, for example, what the client is to do, learn, or experience.166Conditions or modifiers. These are the “what, when, where, or how” that are added to the verb to explain the circumstances under which the behavior is to be performed.167Criterion of desired performance. The criterion indicates the standard by which a performance is evaluated or the level at which the client will perform the specified behavior. These are optional.168When writing goals and desired outcomes, the nurse should follow these tips:169 170Write goals and outcomes in terms of client responses and not as activities of the nurse. Begin each goal with “Client will […]” help focus the goal on client behavior and responses.171Avoid writing goals on what the nurse hopes to accomplish, and focus on what the client will do.172Use observable, measurable terms for outcomes. Avoid using vague words that require interpretation or judgment of the observer.173Desired outcomes should be realistic for the client’s resources, capabilities, limitations, and on the designated time span of care.174Ensure that goals are compatible with the therapies of other professionals.175Ensure that each goal is derived from only one nursing diagnosis. Keeping it this way facilitates evaluation of care by ensuring that planned nursing interventions are clearly related to the diagnosis set.176Lastly, make sure that the client considers the goals important and values them to ensure cooperation.177Step 6: Selecting Nursing Interventions178Nursing interventions are activities or actions that a nurse performs to achieve client goals. Interventions chosen should focus on eliminating or reducing the etiology of the nursing diagnosis. As for risk nursing diagnoses, interventions should focus on reducing the client’s risk factors. In this step, nursing interventions are identified and written during the planning step of the nursing process; however, they are actually performed during the implementation step.179 180Types of Nursing Interventions181Nursing interventions can be independent, dependent, or collaborative:182 183Types of Nursing Interventions184Types of nursing interventions in a care plan.185Independent nursing interventions are activities that nurses are licensed to initiate based on their sound judgement and skills. Includes: ongoing assessment, emotional support, providing comfort, teaching, physical care, and making referrals to other health care professionals.186Dependent nursing interventions are activities carried out under the physician’s orders or supervision. Includes orders to direct the nurse to provide medications, intravenous therapy, diagnostic tests, treatments, diet, and activity or rest. Assessment and providing explanation while administering medical orders are also part of the dependent nursing interventions.187Collaborative interventions are actions that the nurse carries out in collaboration with other health team members, such as physicians, social workers, dietitians, and therapists. These actions are developed in consultation with other health care professionals to gain their professional viewpoint.188Nursing interventions should be:189 190Safe and appropriate for the client’s age, health, and condition.191Achievable with the resources and time available.192Inline with the client’s values, culture, and beliefs.193Inline with other therapies.194Based on nursing knowledge and experience or knowledge from relevant sciences.195When writing nursing interventions, follow these tips:196 197Write the date and sign the plan. The date the plan is written is essential for evaluation, review, and future planning. The nurse’s signature demonstrates accountability.198Nursing interventions should be specific and clearly stated, beginning with an action verb indicating what the nurse is expected to do. Action verb starts the intervention and must be precise. Qualifiers of how, when, where, time, frequency, and amount provide the content of the planned activity. For example: “Educate parents on how to take temperature and notify of any changes,” or “Assess urine for color, amount, odor, and turbidity.”199Use only abbreviations accepted by the institution.200Step 7: Providing Rationale201Rationales, also known as scientific explanations, explain why the nursing intervention was chosen for the NCP.202 203Nursing Interventions and Rationale204Sample nursing interventions and rationale for a care plan (NCP)205Rationales do not appear in regular care plans. They are included to assist nursing students in associating the pathophysiological and psychological principles with the selected nursing intervention.206 207Step 8: Evaluation208Evaluating is a planned, ongoing, purposeful activity in which the client’s progress towards achieving goals or desired outcomes and the effectiveness of the nursing care plan (NCP). Evaluation is an essential aspect of the nursing process because conclusions drawn from this step determine whether the nursing intervention should be terminated, continued, or changed.209 210Step 9: Putting it on Paper211The client’s NCP is documented according to hospital policy and becomes part of the client’s permanent medical record which may be reviewed by the oncoming nurse. Different nursing programs have different care plan formats. Most are designed so that the student systematically proceeds through the interrelated steps of the nursing process, and many use a five-column format.212 213Nursing Care Plan List214This section lists the sample nursing care plans (NCP) and NANDA nursing diagnoses for various disease and health conditions. They are segmented into categories:215 216Basic Nursing and General Care Plans217Miscellaneous nursing care plans examples that don’t fit other categories:218 219Cancer (Oncology Nursing)220End-of-Life Care (Hospice Care or Palliative)221Geriatric Nursing (Older Adult)222Surgery (Perioperative Client)223Systemic Lupus Erythematosus224Total Parenteral Nutrition225Surgery and Perioperative Care Plans226Care plans that involve surgical intervention.227 228Amputation229Appendectomy230Cholecystectomy231Fracture 232Hemorrhoids233Hysterectomy234Ileostomy & Colostomy235Laminectomy (Disc Surgery)236Mastectomy237Subtotal Gastrectomy238Surgery (Perioperative Client)239Thyroidectomy240Total Joint (Knee, Hip) Replacement241Maternal and Newborn Care Plans242Nursing care plans about the care of the pregnant mother and her infant. See care plans for maternity and obstetric nursing:243 244Abruptio Placenta245Cesarean Birth 246Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip247Dysfunctional Labor (Dystocia)248Elective Termination249Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 250Hyperbilirubinemia251Labor Stages, Induced and Augmented Labor252Neonatal Sepsis253Perinatal Loss254Placenta Previa255Postpartum Hemorrhage 256Postpartum Thrombophlebitis257Prenatal Hemorrhage258Prenatal Substance Dependence/Abuse259Precipitous Labor260Preeclampsia and Gestational Hypertensive Disorders 261Premature Dilation of the Cervix262Prenatal Infection263Preterm Labor264Puerperal Infection265Pediatric Nursing Care Plans266Nursing care plans (NCP) for pediatric conditions and diseases:267 268Acute Glomerulonephritis269Acute Rheumatic Fever270Apnea271Benign Febrile Convulsions272Brain Tumor273Bronchiolitis274Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)275Cardiac Catheterization276Cerebral Palsy277Child Abuse278Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate279Congenital Heart Disease280Congenital Hip Dysplasia281Croup Syndrome282Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes)283Cystic Fibrosis284Diabetes Mellitus Type 1285Dying Child286Epiglottitis287Febrile Seizure288Guillain-Barre Syndrome289Hospitalized Child290Hydrocephalus291Hypospadias and Epispadias292Intussusception293Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis294Kawasaki Disease295Meningitis296Nephrotic Syndrome297Osteogenic Sarcoma (Osteosarcoma)298Otitis Media299Scoliosis300Spina Bifida301Tonsillitis and Adenoiditis302Umbilical and Inguinal Hernia303Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)304Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)305Cardiac Care Plans306Nursing care plans about the different diseases of the cardiovascular system:307 308Angina Pectoris (Coronary Artery Disease)309Cardiac Arrhythmia (Digitalis Toxicity)310Cardiac Catheterization311Cardiogenic Shock312Congenital Heart Disease313Heart Failure 314Hypertension 315Hypovolemic Shock316Myocardial Infarction317Pacemaker Therapy318Endocrine and Metabolic Care Plans319Nursing care plans (NCP) related to the endocrine system and metabolism:320 321Acid-Base Balance322– Respiratory Acidosis323– Respiratory Alkalosis324– Metabolic Acidosis325– Metabolic Alkalosis326Addison’s Disease327Cushing’s Disease328Diabetes Mellitus Type 1329Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 330Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)331Eating Disorders: Anorexia & Bulimia Nervosa332Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances:333– Fluid Balance: Hypervolemia & Hypovolemia334– Potassium (K) Imbalances: Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia335– Sodium (Na) Imbalances: Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia336– Magnesium (Mg) Imbalances: Hypermagnesemia and Hypomagnesemia337– Calcium (Ca) Imbalances: Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia338Gestational Diabetes Mellitus339Hyperthyroidism340Hypothyroidism341Obesity342Thyroidectomy343Gastrointestinal344Care plans (NCP) covering the disorders of the gastrointestinal and digestive system:345 346Appendectomy347Cholecystectomy348Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis349Gastroenteritis350Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)351Hemorrhoids352Hepatitis353Ileostomy & Colostomy354Inflammatory Bowel Disease355Intussusception356Liver Cirrhosis357Pancreatitis358Peritonitis359Peptic Ulcer Disease360Subtotal Gastrectomy361Genitourinary362Care plans related to the reproductive and urinary system disorders:363 364Acute Glomerulonephritis 365Acute Renal Failure366Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)367Chronic Renal Failure368Hemodialysis369Hysterectomy370Mastectomy371Menopause372Nephrotic Syndrome373Peritoneal Dialysis374Prostatectomy375Urolithiasis (Renal Calculi)376Urinary Tract Infection377Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)378Hematologic and Lymphatic379Care plans related to the hematologic and lymphatic system:380 381Anaphylactic Shock382Anemia 383Aortic Aneurysm384Deep Vein Thrombosis385Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation386Hemophilia387Leukemia388Lymphoma389Sepsis and Septicemia390Sickle Cell Anemia Crisis391Infectious Diseases392NCPs for communicable and infectious diseases:393 394Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (HIV Positive)395Acute Rheumatic Fever396Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever397Herpes Zoster (Shingles)398Influenza (Flu)399Pulmonary Tuberculosis400Integumentary401All about disorders and conditions affecting the integumentary system:402 403Burn Injury404Dermatitis405Pressure Ulcer (Bedsores)406Mental Health and Psychiatric407Care plans for mental health and psychiatric nursing:408 409Alcohol Withdrawal410Anxiety and Panic Disorders411Bipolar Disorders412Major Depression413Personality Disorders414Schizophrenia415Sexual Assault416Substance Dependence and Abuse417Suicide Behaviors418Neurological419Nursing care plans (NCP) for related to nervous system disorders:420 421Alzheimer’s Disease 422Brain Tumor423Cerebral Palsy424Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) 425Guillain-Barre Syndrome426Meningitis427Multiple Sclerosis428Parkinson’s Disease429Seizure Disorder430Spinal Cord Injury431Musculoskeletal432Care plans related to the musculoskeletal system:433 434Amputation435Congenital Hip Dysplasia436Fracture 437Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis438Laminectomy (Disc Surgery)439Osteoarthritis440Osteoporosis441Rheumatoid Arthritis442Scoliosis443Total Joint (Knee, Hip) Replacement444Ophthalmic445Care plans relating to eye disorders:446 447Cataracts448Glaucoma449Macular Degeneration450Respiratory451Care plans for respiratory system disorders:452 453Asthma454Bronchiolitis455Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)456Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)457Cystic Fibrosis458Hemothorax and Pneumothorax459Influenza (Flu)460Lung Cancer461Mechanical Ventilation462Near-Drowning463Pleural Effusion464Pneumonia465Pulmonary Embolism466Pulmonary Tuberculosis467Tracheostomy468References and Sources469Recommended reading materials and sources for this NCP guide: 470 471Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B., Makic, M. B., Martinez-Kratz, M., & Zanotti, M. (2019). Nursing diagnosis handbook e-book: an evidence-based guide to planning care. Elsevier Health Sciences.472Björvell, C., Thorell-Ekstrand, I., & Wredling, R. (2000). Development of an audit instrument for nursing care plans in the patient record. BMJ Quality & Safety, 9(1), 6-13. [Link]473Carpenito-Moyet, L. J. (2009). Nursing care plans & documentation: nursing diagnoses and collaborative problems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.474DeLaune, S. C., & Ladner, P. K. (2011). Fundamentals of nursing: Standards and practice. Cengage learning.475Gulanick, M., & Myers, J. L. (2016). Nursing Care Plans: Diagnoses, Interventions, and Outcomes. Elsevier Health Sciences. [Link]476Lee, T. T. (2004). Evaluation of computerized nursing care plan: instrument development. Journal of Professional Nursing, 20(4), 230-238.477Lee, T. T. (2006). Nurses’ perceptions of their documentation experiences in a computerized nursing care planning system. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 15(11), 1376-1382.478Stonehouse, D. (2017). Understanding the nursing process. British Journal of Healthcare Assistants, 11(8), 388-391.479Yildirim, B., & Ozkahraman, S. (2011). Critical thinking in nursing process and education. International journal of humanities and social science, 1(13), 257-262.480 481Categories482Nursing Care Plans483Tags484assessment, Care Plan, Client Centered, Collaborative Interventions, Data Analysis, Data Collection, Dependent Nursing Interventions, Diagnosis, Discharge Planning, Evaluation, Formal Nursing Care Plan, Goal, Independent Nursing Interventions, Individualized Care Plans, Informal Nursing Care Plan, Interdependent Nursing Intervention, Intervention, Long-Term Goals, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Measurable Nursing Intervention, Nursing Care Plan, Nursing Care Plans, Nursing Diagnosis, Planning, Rationale, Short-Term Goals, Standardized Care Plans485